Flexible tactile sensors for measuring contact surface normal force using inductive coupling

1. A flexible tactile sensor, comprising:

a non-ferrous conductive target positioned in a first plane;

at least three coils forming an array within a second plane, the second plane spaced apart from the first plane;

a pliable material coupling the non-ferrous conductive target to the at least three coils; and

an electronic device electrically coupled to each of the at least three coils, the electronic device configured to induce an AC signal within each of the at least three coils and measure a change in inductance in the at least three coils in response to movement of the non-ferrous conductive target.

2. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a housing having an upper structure and a lower structure coupled to the upper structure, wherein a cavity is formed between the upper structure and the lower structure, the cavity is configured to receive the at least three coils and the pliable material is coupled to the upper structure of the housing.

3. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 2 , wherein the lower structure of the housing includes one or more connection features configured to receive a connector to couple one flexible tactile sensor to another flexible tactile sensor.

4. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 1 , wherein three of the at least three coils form a triangular array within the first second plane.

5. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a printed circuit board (PCB), wherein the at least three coils are embedded within the PCB and the electronic device is supported on the PCB.

6. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 1 , wherein the non-ferrous conductive target is a metal plate having a first surface and a second surface, the second surface coupled to the pliable material.

7. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 6 , wherein a surface area of the second surface of the non-ferrous conductive target is greater than a surface area of one of the at least three coils.

8. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 6 , further comprising a compliant material coupled to the first surface of the non-ferrous conductive target.

9. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 1 , wherein the pliable material is foam material.

10. The flexible tactile sensor of claim 1 , wherein the pliable material is a flexible structure comprising a first surface opposite and spaced apart from a second surface and a plurality of flexible ribs coupling the first surface to the second surface, wherein the plurality of flexible ribs are configured to fold in response to a contact force being applied to the non-ferrous conductive target.

11. A system, comprising

a computing device communicatively coupled to one or more flexible tactile sensors; and

a flexible tactile sensor comprising:

a non-ferrous conductive target positioned in a first plane;

at least three coils forming an array within a second plane, the second plane spaced apart from the first plane;

a pliable material coupling the non-ferrous conductive target to the at least three coils; and

an electronic device electrically coupled to each of the at least three coils, the electronic device configured to induce an AC signal within each of the at least three coils and measure a change in inductance in the at least three coils in response to movement of the non-ferrous conductive target, wherein the computing device is configured to:

receive one or more signals from the electronic device of at least one of the one or more flexible tactile sensors, the one or more signals corresponding to the measured changes in the inductance in the at least three coils, and

determine a magnitude and direction of a normal force of the non-ferrous conductive target.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the computing device is further configured to determine a shear force applied to the non-ferrous conductive target based on the measured changes in the inductance in the at least three coils.

13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the computing device is further configured to generate, on a display device, a graphical visualization of an orientation of the non-ferrous conductive target based on the normal force.

14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the flexible tactile sensor further comprises a housing having an upper structure and a lower structure coupled to the upper structure, wherein a cavity is formed between the upper structure and the lower structure, the cavity is configured to receive the at least three coils and the pliable material is coupled to the upper structure of the housing.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the lower structure of the housing includes one or more connection features configured to receive a connector to couple one flexible tactile sensor to another flexible tactile sensor.

16. The system of claim 11 , wherein three of the at least three coils form a triangular array within the first second plane.

17. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a printed circuit board (PCB), wherein the at least three coils are embedded within the PCB and the electronic device is supported on the PCB.

18. The system of claim 11 , wherein the non-ferrous conductive target is a metal plate having a first surface and a second surface, the second surface coupled to the pliable material.

19. The system of claim 18 , wherein a surface area of the second surface of the non-ferrous conductive target is greater than a surface area of one of the at least three coils.

20. The system of claim 18 , wherein the flexible tactile sensor further comprises a compliant material coupled to the first surface of the non-ferrous conductive target.