Sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphates materials as positive electrode for sodium ion batteries
A positive electrode for a sodium ion battery is provided. The positive electrode includes a sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate having a formula according to Formula I: Na 3 V 2-x M x O y (PO 4 ) 2 F 3-y I; wherein 0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1, and M is one or more additional metals.
1. A positive electrode for a sodium ion battery, the positive electrode comprising a sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate having a formula according to Formula I:
Na 3 V 2-x M x O y (PO 4 ) 2 F 3-y I;
wherein 0.5<x≤0.7, 0.001<y≤1, and M is one or more additional metals selected from iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), indium (In), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), yttrium (Y), gallium (Ga), or combinations thereof.
2. The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the additional metal is a trivalent metal.
3. The positive electrode of claim 1 , wherein the vanadium of the sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate comprises vanadium having an oxidation state of +3.
4. A method of forming the sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate of claim 1 , the method comprising:
combining sodium, vanadium, the additional metal, fluorine, and a phosphate in an aqueous solvent to form a mixture; and
heating the mixture to form the sodium vanadium fluorophosphate.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the sodium comprises sodium fluoride (NaF), NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , NaCl, Na 2 O, sodium acetate (C 2 H 3 NaO 2 ), trisodium citrate (Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 ), sodium oxalate (Na 2 C 2 O 4 ), or combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the vanadium comprises ammonium metavanadate (NH 4 VO 3 ), V 2 O 5 , V 2 O 3 , VO 2 , vanadium (III) chloride (VCl 3 ), VOSO 4 ·XH 2 O, vanadyl acetate (C 4 H 8 O 5 V), vanadium oxalate (C 4 H 4 O 8 V), vanadium acetylacetonate, or combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the additional metal comprises iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), indium (In), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), yttrium (Y), gallium (Ga), or combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the iron comprises Fe (NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O, FeCl 3 ·nH 2 O, Fe(SO 4 )·nH 2 O, Ferric acetate C 6 H 9 FeO 6 , Ferric oxalate C 6 Fe 2 O 12 , or combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the fluorine comprises sodium fluoride (NaF), ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein the phosphate comprises NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , H 3 PO 3 , or combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 4 , wherein the step of combining comprises:
combining the vanadium, a reducing agent, and the additional metal to form a first solution;
combining the sodium, the fluorine, and the phosphate to form a second solution; and
combining the first solution and the second solution to form the mixture.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the reducing agent comprises citric acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, or combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the step of combining the vanadium, a reducing agent, and the additional metal to form the first solution comprises combining NH 4 VO 3 , citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), and iron (III) acetate to form the first solution.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the step of combining the sodium, the fluorine, and the phosphate to form the second solution comprises combining NaF and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 to form the second solution.
15. A positive electrode for a sodium ion battery, the positive electrode comprising a sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate having a formula according to Formula III:
Na 3 V 1.7 Fe 0.3 O(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 III.
16. The positive electrode of claim 15 , wherein the iron of the sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate comprises iron having an oxidation state of +3.
17. A battery comprising:
a negative electrode; and
a positive electrode comprising a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate, the sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate having a formula according to Formula I:
Na 3 V 2-x M x O y (PO 4 ) 2 F 3-y I;
wherein 0.5<x≤0.7, 0.001<y≤1, and M is one or more additional metals selected from iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), indium (In), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), yttrium (Y), gallium (Ga), or combinations thereof.
18. The battery of claim 17 further comprising an electrolyte in contact with the negative electrode and the positive electrode, wherein the electrolyte is a salt selected from the group of NaPF 6 , NaClO 4 , NaBF 4 , and combinations thereof.
19. The battery of claim 18 , wherein the electrolyte salt is in the presence of a solvent selected from the group of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and combinations thereof.
20. The battery of claim 17 , wherein the negative electrode comprises a sodium-containing compound, a hard carbon, antimony (Sb), Sb@C, or a combination thereof.
21. The battery of claim 20 , wherein the sodium-containing compound comprises sodium phosphate.
22. The battery of claim 21 , wherein the sodium phosphate has a formula according to Formula IV:
NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 IV.
23. The battery of claim 20 , wherein the hard carbon comprises multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
24. A battery comprising:
a negative electrode; and
a positive electrode comprising a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate, the sodium metal vanadium fluorophosphate having a formula according to Formula III:
Na 3 V 1.7 Fe 0.3 O(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 III.