Quantum secure network clock synchronization

1. A multi-node, quantum communication network for providing quantum-secure time transfer with Damon attack detection, the network comprising:

a first node including

a first local clock,

a first photon pair source for providing a first entangled photon pair, the first entangled photon pair including first and second photons,

a first capture device for capturing the first photon at a first local time t 1 at the first local clock,

a first coupling mechanism for directing the second photon away from the first node,

a first measuring device for receiving photons from outside the first node, and

a first controller for controlling at least the first local clock, the first photon pair source, the first capture device, the first coupling mechanism, and the first measuring device;

a second node including

a second local clock,

a second photon pair source for providing a second entangled photon pair, the second entangled photon pair including third and fourth photons,

a second capture device for capturing the third photon at a second local time t 2 at the second local clock,

a second coupling mechanism for directing the fourth photon away from the second node,

a second measuring device for receiving photons from outside the second node, and

a second controller for controlling at least the second local clock, the second photon pair source, the second capture device, the second coupling mechanism, and the second measuring device;

a third node including

a third local clock,

a third photon pair source for providing a third entangled photon pair, the third entangled photon pair including fifth and sixth photons,

a third capture device for capturing the fifth photon at a third local time t 3 at the third local clock,

a third coupling mechanism for directing the sixth photon away from the third node,

a third measuring device for receiving photons from outside the third node, and

a third controller for controlling at least the third local clock, the third photon pair source, the third capture device, the third coupling mechanism, and the third measuring device;

a first authenticated communication channel communicatively connecting the first and second nodes;

a second authenticated communication channel communicatively connecting the second and third nodes; and

a third authenticated communication channel communicatively connecting the third and first nodes,

wherein the first, second, and third nodes and the first, second, and third authenticated communication channels form a closed loop,

wherein the first, second, and third controllers are configured

for determining differences between the first, second, and third local times,

for measuring time durations required

for the second photon to travel from the first node to the second node,

for the second photon to travel from the first node to the third node,

for the fourth photon to travel from the second node to the first node,

for the fourth photon to travel from the second node to the third node,

for the sixth photon to travel from the third node to the first node, and

for the sixth photon to travel from the third node to the second node, and

for using the differences between the first, second, and third local times and the time durations so measured to detect a Damon attack, if present.

2. The network of claim 1 , wherein the first, second, and third controllers are further configured to detect the Damon attack if a closed loop condition is not satisfied.

3. The network of claim 2 , wherein the closed loop condition is defined as δ 12 +δ 23 +δ 31 =0,

wherein δ 12 =t 1 −t 2 , δ 23 =t 2 −t 3 , and δ 31 =t 3 −t 1 .

4. The network of claim 1 , wherein the first, second, and third photon pair sources are configured for generating polarization-entangled photon pairs.

5. The network of claim 1 , wherein the differences between the first, second, and third local times and the time durations so measured are used for synchronizing the first, second, and third local clocks.

6. A method for determining presence of a Damon attack in a multi-node, quantum communication network for providing quantum-secure time transfer, the method comprising:

identifying a closed loop formed by at least three nodes within the network;

determining differences between local clocks of the at least three nodes;

imposing a closed loop condition on the differences so determined; and

detecting, if the closed loop condition is not satisfied by the differences so determined, presence of the Damon attack.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein imposing the closed loop condition includes, at each one of the at least three nodes,

generating an entangled photon pair, the entangled photon pair including a first photon and a second photon entangled with the first photon,

capturing the first photon at a local time for the one of the at least three nodes,

measuring a travel time for the second photon to travel from the one of the at least three nodes to another one of the at least three nodes,

calculating a difference in local time from the one of the at least three nodes to another one of the at least three nodes, and

determining whether the local clock at each one of the at least three nodes is synchronized with another one of the at least three nodes.