Administration of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and related compounds in humans
In various implementations, beta-hydroxybutyrate, related compounds, and/or one or more other compounds may be administered to an individual to cause weight loss, weight maintenance, elevate blood ketone levels, maintain blood ketone levels, reduce blood glucose levels, maintain blood glucose levels, improve energy, focus, mood, cognitive function, or aide with neurological or inflammatory disorders and/or combinations thereof.
1. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 90% to less than 100% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from greater than 0% to approximately 10% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the composition is provided as or in a pill, tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, milk, water, drinkable liquid, gel, or beverage.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains greater than approximately 95% and less than 100% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and greater than 0% and less than approximately 5% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 90% to approximately 99% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from approximately 1% to approximately 10% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least one salt of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the at least one salt of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate is selected from sodium R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, magnesium R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and calcium R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least one ester of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the at least one ester of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate is selected from the group consisting of esters derived from ethanol, altrose, arabinose, dextrose, erythrose, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycerol, gulose, idose, lactose, lyxose, mannose, ribitol, ribose, ribulose, sucrose, talose, threose, xylitol, xylose, galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, mannitol, sorbitol, threitol, 1,2-propanediol, and 1,3-butanediol.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate comprises R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises an oligomer, polymer, or complex of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the non-racemic mixture comprises at least one salt or ester of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
11. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one short chain fatty acid having less than 6 carbons, or a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, or other ester of the at least one short chain fatty acid.
12. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one medium chain fatty acid having 6 to 12 carbons, or a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, or other ester of the at least one medium chain fatty acid.
13. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one long chain fatty acid having more than 12 carbons, or a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, or other ester of the of the at least one long chain fatty acid.
14. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of 1,3-butanediol or tributyrin.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is in a dosage form that provides approximately 0.5 g to approximately 50 g of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
16. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising one or more flavorings, one or more vitamins, one or more minerals, and/or one or more binders.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises at least one of an ester of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate or 1,3-butanediol.
18. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of pill, tablet, capsule, powder, food product, food additive, milk, water, drinkable liquid, gel, or beverage; and
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 90% to less than 100% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from greater than 0% to approximately 10% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
19. The composition of claim 18 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 95% to less than 100% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from greater than 0% to approximately 5% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
20. The composition of claim 18 , wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 90% to approximately 99% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from approximately 1% to approximately 10% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
21. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 90% to less than 100% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from greater than 0% to approximately 10% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the R-beta-hydroxybutyrate comprises at least one salt of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
22. A composition for administering ketone bodies to a subject, comprising:
1,3-butanediol; and
a non-racemic mixture of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and S-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
wherein the non-racemic mixture contains from approximately 90% to less than 100% of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from greater than 0% to approximately 10% of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.