Methods of Treating Cancer
Disclosed herein are methods of treating cancer by administering a heterologous prime-boost regimen of oncolytic microorganisms that enhances or elicits an immune response to a tumor protein that is not coded for by the oncolytic microorganisms.
1 . A method of treating a tumor in a subject, comprising:
administering to the subject a first recombinant microorganism,
wherein the first recombinant microorganism replicates in a tumor cell and does not replicate in a non-tumor cell or displays attenuated replication in a non-tumor cell, and
wherein the first recombinant microorganism is a virus or a bacterium;
administering to the subject a second recombinant microorganism,
wherein the second recombinant microorganism replicates in a tumor cell and does not replicate in a non-tumor cell or displays attenuated replication in a non-tumor cell, and
wherein the second recombinant microorganism is a virus; and
enhancing or eliciting an immune response to a protein expressed by a tumor associated cell that is not coded for or expressed by the first recombinant microorganism and the second recombinant microorganism.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune response is demonstrated by one or more of a decrease in the volume of the tumor in the subject, a decrease in the level of expression of one or more tumor proteins in the subject or a sample from the subject, a decrease in the number of tumor sites in the subject, a change in viral load in the subject or the sample from the subject, a change in population of immune cells in the subject or the sample from the subject, a change in expression levels of an immune cell marker in the subject or the sample from the subject, an enhancement of B-cell proliferation in the subject or the sample from the subject, an enhancement of CD4+ T cell proliferation in the subject or the sample from the subject, an enhancement of CD8+ T cells proliferation in the subject or the sample from the subject, an enhancement of cytokine production in the subject or the sample from the subject, an enhancement of antigen presenting cell proliferation in the subject or the sample from the subject, or any combinations thereof.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the immune response is demonstrated by the decrease in the level of expression of one or more tumor proteins, the change in population of immune cells, the change in expression levels of an immune cell marker, the enhancement of B-cell proliferation, the enhancement of CD4+ T cell proliferation, the enhancement of CD8+ T cells proliferation, the enhancement of cytokine production, the enhancement of antigen presenting cell proliferation, or any combinations thereof, in the subject or the sample from the subject, wherein the sample from the subject is a blood, tissue, urine, or saliva sample.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune response can be detected at a time point at or after the administration of the first or second recombinant microorganism.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism does not replicate in the non-tumor cell.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism displays attenuated replication in the non-tumor cell.
7 . (canceled)
8 . (canceled)
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism does not replicate in the non-tumor cell.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism displays attenuated replication in the non-tumor cell.
11 . (canceled)
12 . (canceled)
13 . (canceled)
14 . (canceled)
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism is a bacterium.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism is an enterobacterium, a listeriaceae bacterium, or a streptococcaceae bacterium.
17 - 33 . (canceled)
34 . The method of any one of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism is a virus.
35 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism is of family viridae.
36 . (canceled)
37 . (canceled)
38 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism comprises a poxvirus, a picornavirus, an adenovirus, a parvovirus, a herpesvirus, a reovirus, a paramyxovirus, a rhabdovirus, an orthomyxovirus, or a coxsackievirus.
39 - 100 . (canceled)
101 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is of family viridae.
102 . (canceled)
103 . (canceled)
104 . The method of claim 101 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is a poxvirus, a picornavirus, an adenovirus, a parvovirus, a herpesvirus, a reovirus, a paramyxovirus, a rhabdovirus, an orthomyxovirus, or a coxsackievirus.
105 - 153 . (canceled)
154 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism and the second recombinant microorganism are administered to the subject simultaneously.
155 . The method of claim 154 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism is formulated in a delayed release composition, a sustained release composition, an immediate release composition, a stealth release composition, or any combinations thereof.
156 . (canceled)
157 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is administered to the subject after the first recombinant microorganism is administered to the subject.
158 . The method of claim 157 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is administered from about 1-60 days, from 1-45 days, from 1-30 days, from 1-15 days, from 1-10 days, or from 1-7 days after administration of the first recombinant microorganism.
159 . The method of claim 157 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is administered about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 21, 28, 35, 56, or 60 days after administration of the first recombinant microorganism.
160 . The method of claim 157 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is administered to the subject one, two, three, three, four, five or more times.
161 . The method of claim 157 , wherein the second recombinant microorganism is administered to the subject two, three, three, four, five or more times with about 1-60 days, 1-45 days, 1-30 days, 1-15 days, 1-10 days, 1-7, 1-5 days, or 1-3 days between each administration.
162 - 166 . (canceled)
167 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first recombinant microorganism is administered intra-tumorally, intradermally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly or intravenously; and the second recombinant microorganism is administered intra-tumorally, intradermally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, intramuscularly or intravenously.
168 . (canceled)
169 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising administering an anti-cancer therapy.
170 - 183 . (canceled)
184 . A method of treatment, comprising:
administering to a subject a first recombinant microorganism,
wherein the first recombinant microorganism comprises an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a cytokine receptor,
wherein the first recombinant microorganism replicates in a tumor microenvironment, and
wherein the first recombinant microorganism is a virus or a bacterium;
administering to the subject a second recombinant microorganism,
wherein the second recombinant microorganism comprises an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a cytokine receptor,
wherein the second recombinant microorganism replicates in a tumor microenvironment, and
wherein the second recombinant microorganism is an oncolytic virus; and
enhancing or eliciting an immune response to a protein expressed by a non-tumorous cell present within the tumor microenvironment that is not coded for or expressed by the first recombinant microorganism and the second recombinant microorganism.