Electrophoretic media including charge control agents comprising quartenary amines and unsaturated polymeric tails
Improved formulations of electrophoretic media that can be incorporated into displays, front plane laminates, inverted front plane laminates, or color changing films. The formulations include a non-polar fluid, a plurality of first charged particles, and charge control agents (CCA) including a quaternary amine and an unsaturated polymeric tail comprising monomers of at least 10 carbon atoms in length. The formulations show improved switching speeds, as well as a larger dynamic range at low temperatures (i.e., below about 0° C.), where compared to state-of-the-art electrophoretic media.
1. An electrophoretic medium comprising:
(a) a non-polar fluid;
(b) a plurality of first charged particles having a first charge polarity;
(c) a plurality of second charged particles having a second charge polarity; and
(d) a charge control agent comprising a quaternary amine and an unsaturated polymeric tail having at least one carbon-carbon double bond comprising monomers of at least 10 carbon atoms in length, the ratio of charge control agent to first charge particles being greater than 1:500 wt/wt;
wherein the first and second charged particles have opposite polarities and move in opposite directions through the non-polar fluid under the influence of an electric field;
wherein electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in a microcell or a protein coacervate; and
wherein the viscosity of the electrophoretic medium is less than 5×10 −2 Pa·s at −30° C., measured with a rheometer having a recessed concentric cylinder using a temperature ramp of 2° C. per minute method.
2. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first and second charged particles have different colors.
3. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first and second charged particles are complexed with the charge control agent.
4. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the charge control agent is adsorbed on the first and second charged particles.
5. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the charge control agent is covalently bonded to the first charged particles.
6. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric tail comprises monomers of at least 14 carbon atoms in length.
7. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric tail comprises a polyester or a poly secondary alcohol.
8. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of charge control agent to first charged particles is greater than 1:300 wt/wt.
9. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of charge control agent to first charged particles is greater than 1:100 wt/wt.
10. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first charged particles comprise titania, carbon black, or copper chromite.
11. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of third charged particles.
12. The electrophoretic medium of claim 11 , wherein the first, second, or third charged particles are (i) black, white, and red, or (ii) black, white, and yellow, or (iii) red, green, and blue, or (iv) cyan, magenta, and yellow, or (v) red, green, and yellow.
13. The electrophoretic medium of claim 11 , wherein the third charge particles have a charge level less than 50% of the charge level of the first and second charge particles.
14. The electrophoretic medium of claim 11 , further comprising a plurality of fourth charged particles.
15. The electrophoretic medium of claim 14 , further comprising a plurality of fifth charged particles.
16. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the conductivity of the electrophoretic medium is less than 300 pS/m.
17. The electrophoretic medium of claim 16 , wherein the first charged particles will move through the non-polar fluid at a speed of greater than 50 μm/s in a field of 300 kV/m when the electrophoretic medium is at a temperature of 0° C.
18. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the conductivity of the electrophoretic medium is higher than 300 pS/m, when the content of the charge control agent in mg per gram of pigment is 15 or higher.
19. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , further comprising a charge adjuvant, wherein the charge adjuvant is present in an amount of 1 to 100 mg per gram of particle mass, wherein the charge adjuvant is a polyhydroxy compound or an aminoalcohol.
20. An electronic book reader, portable computer, tablet computer, cellular telephone, smart card, sign, watch, shelf label, flash drive, a window, or a window film comprising an electrophoretic medium of claim 1 .