Systems, methods and devices for cement manufacture
High temperature furnaces, calcining, pyrolysis and other high temperature manufacturing processes, composition rearrangements, and equipment. Systems, equipment and processes using oxyfuel combustion using gaseous fuels for cement manufacture. Reactor furnaces using oxyfuel containing natural gas and gravity feed to process pellets forming a pellet bed into cement.
1. A high temperature oxyfuel method for making cement clinker, the method comprising:
a. filling a vertical furnace with a material; wherein the furnace comprises an inlet and an outlet and defines an inner volume between the inlet and the outlet, the inner volume comprising an upper preheating stage, a middle sintering stage, and a lower cooling stage; wherein a distance between the inlet and the outlet defines a furnace length;
i. wherein the material comprises limestone, and wherein the material is in the form of pellets having a cross section from 1 cm to 10 cm;
ii. wherein the furnace length is 20 m or less;
b. flowing an oxyfuel into the inner volume and igniting the oxyfuel, whereby the oxyfuel burns at a gas temperature, and flowing oxygen into the lower cooling stage to cool the material in the lower cooling stage and to preheat the oxygen in the lower cooling stage;
i. wherein the oxyfuel comprises natural gas;
c. heating the material in the inner volume to a process temperature;
d. wherein the process temperature and the gas temperature are from about 1,300° C. to about 2,200° C., the gas temperature and the process temperature are within 150 degrees of each other, and the material is moved through the inner volume of the furnace with a gravity feed and without any tilling of the material;
e. thereby converting the material into a cement clinker; and,
f. removing the cement clinker from the outlet.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein flowing the oxygen into the lower cooling stage comprises flowing oxygen having a purity of 85% to 100% into the lower cooling stage.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising flowing CO 2 and/or water from effluent gases of the vertical furnace into the lower cooling stage.
4. A system for high temperature processing of limestone into cement clinker, the system comprising:
a. a reactor, wherein the reactor is a vertical furnace, the reactor comprising:
i. a first section, a body section, and a final section;
ii. the first section defining a first volume for holding a material comprising limestone;
iii. the body section comprising an outer housing, a refractory material and a heat shield; the body section defining a second volume for holding and processing the material; the body section in fluid communication with an oxyfuel inlet;
iv. the final section comprising the outer housing and the refractory material; the final section defining a third volume for holding and cooling the material; the section further comprising a cooler and an outlet for a cement clinker;
v. whereby the first volume, the second volume and the third volume are connected such that the material can move from the first volume to the second volume and from the second volume to the third volume and from the third volume through the outlet;
b. wherein the reactor is configured for the ignition of the oxyfuel in a packed bed of the material in the second volume and for injection of oxygen in the third volume to cool the material in the third volume and to preheat the oxygen in the third volume;
c. wherein the reactor is configured to provide and maintain in the second volume:
i. a temperature of an ignited oxyfuel that is greater than 1,300° C. temperature, thereby defining a gas temperature; and,
ii. a temperature of the packed bed of the material that is greater than 1,300° C. thereby defining a bed temperature; and,
iii. wherein the gas temperature and the bed temperature are within 150 degrees of each other; and
d. wherein the reactor is configured to move the material from the first volume through the second volume and third volume to the outlet with gravity.
5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the first section and the body define a length, and wherein the length is selected from the group consisting of 1 m to 10 m, 2 m to 5 m, less than 15 m, and less than 10 m.
6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the wherein the gas temperature and the bed temperature are within 10 degrees of each other.
7. A high temperature oxyfuel method for high temperature processing of materials, the method comprising:
a. filling a vertical reactor with a material; wherein the reactor comprises an inlet and an outlet and defines an inner volume between the inlet and the outlet, the inner volume comprising an upper preheating stage, a middle sintering stage, and a lower cooling stage, wherein a distance between the inlet and the outlet defines a reactor length;
b. flowing an oxyfuel into the middle sintering stage and igniting the oxyfuel in the middle sintering stage, whereby oxyfuel burns at a gas temperature, and flowing oxygen into the lower cooling stage to cool the material in the lower cooling stage and to preheat the oxygen in the lower cooling stage;
c. heating the material in the inner volume to a process temperature;
d. wherein the process temperature and the gas temperature are from about 1,300° C. to about 2,200° C.;
e. thereby converting the material into a product; and,
f. moving the product through the outlet and out of the reactor, wherein the reactor is configured to move the material from the inlet through the inner volume to the outlet with gravity.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the material comprises limestone.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein material comprises silica.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the product comprises cement clinker.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reactor length is less than 20 m.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reactor length is less than 5 m.
13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reactor comprises a cooling section; and the cooling section forms a part of the inner volume.
14. The method of claim 7 , wherein the material is moved through the inner volume from the inlet to the outlet solely by gravity.
15. The method of claim 7 , wherein the inner volume comprises a packed bed of pellets of the material.
16. The method of claim 7 , the material comprises pellets having a cross section from about 2 cm to about 5 cm.
17. The method of claim 7 , wherein there is no agitation of the material during step e.
18. The method of claim 7 , wherein there is no tilling of the material in the inner volume during step e.
19. The method of claim 7 , wherein the oxyfuel comprises natural gas.
20. The method of claim 7 , wherein the gas temperature and the process temperature are within 150 degrees of each other.
21. The method of claim 7 , wherein the gas temperature and the process temperature are within 10 degrees of each other.
22. A system for high temperature processing of raw materials, the system comprising:
a. a vertical reactor, the reactor comprising:
i. a first section, a body section, and a final section;
ii. the first section defining a first volume for holding a material;
iii. the body section comprising an outer housing and a refractory material; the body section defining a second volume for holding and processing the material; the body section further comprising an oxyfuel inlet;
iv. the final section comprising the outer housing and the refractory material; the final section defining a third volume for holding and cooling the material; the final section further comprising an outlet;
v. whereby the first volume, the second volume and the third volume are connected such that the material can move from the first volume to the second volume and from the second volume to the third volume and from the third volume through the outlet;
b. wherein the majority of the first volume contains the material,
c. wherein the second volume contains an oxyfuel and a packed bed of the material; wherein the oxyfuel is ignited and wherein the packed bed fills the entire second volume and defines spaces within the packed bed containing the oxyfuel; and wherein the system is configured to inject oxygen into the final section to cool the material in the final section and to preheat the oxygen in the final section;
d. wherein the oxyfuel fuel has a gas temperature and the packed bed has a bed temperature; wherein the gas temperature is greater than 1,300° C. and the bed temperature is greater than 1,300° C.; and wherein the gas temperature and the bed temperature are within 50 degrees of each other; and
e. wherein the reactor is configured to move the material from the first volume through the second volume and third volume to the outlet with gravity.
23. The system of claim 22 , comprising a preheating section.
24. The system of claim 22 , wherein the first section comprises a hopper; whereby the hopper defines the first volume.
25. The system of claim 22 , wherein the first section comprises a plug.
26. The system of claim 22 , wherein the material in the first volume comprises silica.
27. The system of claim 22 , wherein the material in the first volume comprises pellets having a diameter from about 2 cm to about 5 cm.
28. The system of claim 22 , wherein the gas temperature is from about 1,300° C. to about 2,200° C. and the bed temperature is from about 1,300° C. to about 2,200° C.
29. The system of claim 22 , wherein the gas temperature and the bed temperature are within 30 degrees of each other.
30. The system of claim 22 , wherein the gas temperature and the bed temperature are within 5 degrees of each other.
31. The system of claim 22 , wherein the body section defines a length and the length is less than 10 m.
32. The system of claim 22 , wherein the first, second and third volumes define a length and the length is less than 15 m.