Tunable negative coefficient thermal expansion materials and composites
The present disclosure is directed to variable composition ceramics. Zr (2−x) Hf (x) WP 2 O 12 and Hf 2 WP 2 O 12 exhibit large negative thermal expansion that is linear over a large temperature range up to at least 900° C., These new ceramic material particles may be mixed with polymers to make a composite suitable for use in backsheets for photovoltaic modules or in other applications. The thermal expansion coefficient of the composite can be tailored to match that of the solar cell in order to reduce stress resulting from daily thermal cycling.
1. A composition having the formula Hf 2 WP 2 O 12 .
2. A composite, comprising:
a polymer; and
hafnium phospho-tungstate particles dispersed in the polymer.
3. The composite of claim 2 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of urethanes, thermosetting resins, bismalemides, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl fluorides, polyvinylidene fluorides, elastomers and thermoplastics.
4. The composite of claim 2 , wherein the hafnium phospho-tungstate particles are present in the composite to a load value up to 65%.
5. A composition having the formula Zr (2−x) Hf (x) WP 2 O 12 , where 0<x≤2.
6. A composite, comprising:
a polymer; and
hafnium substituted zirconium phospho-tungstate particles dispersed in the polymer.
7. The composite of claim 6 , wherein the hafnium substituted zirconium phospho-tungstate has the formula Zr (2−x) Hf (x) WP 2 O 12 , where 0<x≤2.
8. The composite of claim 6 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of urethanes, thermosetting resins, bismalemides, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl fluorides, polyvinylidene fluorides, elastomers and thermoplastics.
9. The composite of claim 6 , wherein the hafnium substituted zirconium phospho-tungstate particles are present in the composite to a load value up to 65%.
10. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; and
a negative thermal expansion composite backsheet attached to the photovoltaic cell;
wherein the negative thermal expansion composite backsheet comprises:
a polymer; and
hafnium phospho-tungstate particles dispersed in the polymer.
11. The module of claim 10 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of urethanes, thermosetting resins, bismalemides, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl fluorides, polyvinylidene fluorides, elastomers and thermoplastics.
12. The module of claim 10 , wherein the hafnium phospho-tungstate particles are present in the polymer to a load value up to 65%.
13. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a photovoltaic cell; and
a negative thermal expansion composite backsheet attached to the photovoltaic cell;
wherein the negative thermal expansion composite backsheet comprises:
a polymer; and
Zr (2−x) Hf (x) WP 2 O 12 particles dispersed in the polymer, where 0≤x≤2.
14. The module of claim 13 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of urethanes, thermosetting resins, bismalemides, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl fluorides, polyvinylidene fluorides, elastomers and thermoplastics.
15. The module of claim 13 , wherein the Zr (2−x) Hf (x) WP 2 O 12 particles are present in the polymer to a load value up to 65%.
16. A composite structure, comprising:
a host; and
a negative thermal expansion composite sheet attached to the host;
wherein the negative thermal expansion composite backsheet comprises:
a polymer; and
hafnium phospho-tungstate or hafnium substituted zirconium phospho-tungstate particles dispersed in the polymer.
17. The structure of claim 16 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of urethanes, thermosetting resins, bismalemides, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl fluorides, polyvinylidene fluorides, elastomers and thermoplastics.
18. The structure of claim 16 , wherein the host is selected from a group consisting of photovoltaic components, micro-electronics, semiconductor cells, packaging and adhesives.
19. The structure of claim 16 , wherein hafnium phospho-tungstate or hafnium substituted zirconium phospho-tungstate particles are present in the polymer to a load value up to 65%.