Platinum nanoparticle functionalized amine-modified fibrous hierarchical zeolite and method of making the same
A functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite includes a framework comprising aluminum atoms, silicon atoms, and oxygen atoms, the framework further comprising a plurality of micropores and a plurality of mesopores. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite is functionalized with at least one amine. A plurality of nanoparticles comprising platinum are immobilized on the framework.
1. A functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite comprising
a framework comprising aluminum atoms, silicon atoms, and oxygen atoms, the framework further comprising a plurality of micropores and a plurality of mesopores, wherein:
the framework is functionalized with at least one amine;
a plurality of nanoparticles comprising platinum are immobilized on the framework; and
a mesopore structure of the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite comprises interconnected intra-crystalline mesopores; and
the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite is produced by forming a mixture comprising a cationic polymer, wherein the cationic polymer comprises a structure according to:
where:
n is the total number of repeating monomers in the polymer;
* denotes a point of attachment to a monomer in the polymer;
X and Y are anions independently selected from Cl − , Br − , F − , I − , − OH, ½SO 4 2− , ⅓PO 4 3− , ½S 2− , AlO 2 − , BF 4 − , SbF 6 − , and B[3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ] 4 − ;
A and B are independently selected from nitrogen and phosphorous;
R 5 is a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain, optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms; and
R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are independently selected from a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms.
2. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the at least one amine is connected to one or more of the aluminum atoms of the framework by a dative bond.
3. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the at least one amine is connected to the nanoparticles comprising platinum, thereby immobilizing the nanoparticles comprising platinum.
4. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the framework is selected from the group consisting of an MFI, an FAU, a BEA, an MOR, and a combination of two or more thereof.
5. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the framework is an MFI.
6. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprising platinum have an average particle size from 1 nm to 10 nm.
7. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprising platinum have an average particle size from 1 nm to 5 nm.
8. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein a surface of the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite comprises platinum.
9. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite comprises reticulate fibers with interconnections, and a dense inner core surrounded by less dense outer fibers.
10. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 9 , wherein the interconnected intra-crystalline mesopores are positioned within voids of the less dense outer fibers.
11. The functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 , where:
n is an integer from 10 to 10,000;
A and B are nitrogen;
X and Y are Br—;
R 5 is a hydrocarbon chain having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; and
R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, or a pentyl group.
12. A method for making the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite of claim 1 comprising a plurality of nanoparticles comprising platinum, the method comprising:
contacting a fibrous hierarchical zeolite with an organometallic complex comprising a platinum atom, wherein the fibrous hierarchical zeolite comprises:
a framework comprising aluminum atoms, silicon atoms, and oxygen atoms, the framework further comprising a plurality of micropores and a plurality of mesopores, the framework being functionalized with at least one terminal amine, thereby producing a functionalized zeolite comprising isolated terminal organometallic functionalities comprising a platinum atom; and
contacting the functionalized zeolite comprising isolated terminal organometallic functionalities comprising a platinum atom with an atmosphere comprising H 2 , thereby producing the functionalized zeolite comprising a plurality of nanoparticles comprising platinum immobilized on the microporous framework;
wherein:
a mesopore structure of the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite comprises interconnected intra-crystalline mesopores;
the functionalized fibrous hierarchical zeolite is produced by forming a mixture comprising a cationic polymer, wherein the cationic polymer comprises a structure according to:
where:
n is the total number of repeating monomers in the polymer;
* denotes a point of attachment to a monomer in the polymer;
X and Y are anions independently selected from Cl − , Br − , F − , I − , − OH, ½SO 4 2− , ⅓PO 4 3− , ½S 2− , AlO 2 − , BF 4 − , SbF 6 − , and B[3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ] 4 − ;
A and B are independently selected from nitrogen and phosphorous;
R 5 is a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain, optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms; and
R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are independently selected from a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein one or more of the at least one amine forms a dative bond with one or more of the aluminum atoms of the framework.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein one or more of the at least one amine associates with the nanoparticles comprising platinum, thereby immobilizing the nanoparticles comprising platinum.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the framework is selected from the group consisting of an MFI, an FAU, a BEA, an MOR, and a combination of two or more thereof.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the framework is an MFI.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the organometallic complex is selected from the group consisting of a complex of formula (10), a complex of formula (11), a complex of formula (12), a complex of formula (13), a complex of formula (14), a complex of formula (15), a complex of formula (16), a complex of formula (17), a complex of formula (18), and a combination of two or more thereof.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the organometallic complex is a complex of formula (10).
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the contacting takes place at a temperature from 300° C. to 700° C.