System and method for patterning flow cell substrates
A method for patterning flow cell substrates using photo-initiated chemical reactions that includes fabricating a planar waveguide flow cell by forming a layer of light coupling gratings on a glass substrate layer; depositing a core layer on the layer of light coupling gratings; depositing a cladding layer on the core layer; and forming nanowells in the cladding layer; silanizing the cladding layer; coating the silanized cladding layer and nanowells with a first group of reactants; introducing a second group of reactants into the nanowells, wherein the second group of reactants includes a target reactant and a light-sensitive photoinitiator system; coupling a light source to the light coupling gratings and directing light internally within the planar waveguide flow cell for photo-initiating a chemical reaction between the first and second groups of reactants, wherein the photo-initiated chemical reaction covalently binds the target reactant to only the bottom portion of each nanowell.
1. A method for patterning flow cell substrates, comprising:
preparing a planar waveguide flow cell for a photoinitiated chemical reaction, wherein the flow cell includes:
a substrate;
light coupling gratings on the substrate;
a first layer of material disposed over the substrate and the light coupling gratings;
a patterned second layer of material disposed over the first layer of material, the patterned second layer of material defining nanowells formed in the second layer of material, wherein each nanowell includes a top portion and a bottom portion, and the patterned second layer of material further defines interstitial regions between the nanowells,
wherein preparing the flow cell includes:
silanizing the second layer of material such that both the nanowells and the interstitial regions are silanized;
coating the silanized second layer of material and nanowells with a first group of reactants such that both the nanowells and the interstitial regions are coated with the first group of reactants;
introducing a second group of reactants into the nanowells, wherein the second group of reactants includes at least one target reactant, a copper chelated ligand, and a light-sensitive photoinitiator system; and
directing light internally within the flow cell such that the light coupling gratings and the first layer of material reflect the light to only the bottom portion of each nanowell for photo-initiating a chemical reaction between the first and second groups of reactants, wherein the photo-initiated chemical reaction covalently binds the at least one target reactant to only the bottom portion of each nanowell and the at least one target reactant is not bound to the interstitial regions.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising washing unreacted reactants out of the nanowells.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising using a polymer and azide moieties that are bound to the polymer as the first group of reactants.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising using poly (N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl) acrylamide as the polymer.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising using a camphorquinone-amine photosensitizing system using a light wavelength of about 470 nm as the light-sensitive photoinitiator system.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising using an alkyne-linked primer as the at least one target reactant.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising using an alkyne-linked fluorophore as the at least one target reactant.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising using a laser as a source of the light.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising using a material having a refractive index in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 for the substrate and a material having a refractive index in the range of 2.0 to 2.15 for the first layer of material.
10. A method for patterning flow cell substrates, comprising:
fabricating a planar waveguide flow cell, wherein fabricating the planar waveguide flow cell includes:
forming light coupling gratings on a glass substrate;
depositing a core layer on the light coupling gratings;
depositing a cladding layer on the core layer; and
patterning the cladding layer to include nanowells in the cladding layer and interstitial regions of the cladding layer between the nanowells, wherein each nanowell includes a top portion and a bottom portion;
silanizing the patterned cladding layer of the planar waveguide flow cell such that both the nanowells and the interstitial regions are silanized;
coating the silanized cladding layer with a first group of reactants such that both the nanowells and the interstitial regions are coated with the first group of reactants;
introducing a second group of reactants into the nanowells, wherein the second group of reactants includes at least one target reactant, a copper chelated ligand, and a light-sensitive photoinitiator system; and
directing light internally within the planar waveguide flow cell such that the light coupling gratings and the core layer reflect the light to only the bottom portion of each nanowell for photo-initiating a chemical reaction between the first and second groups of reactants, wherein the photo-initiated chemical reaction covalently binds the at least one target reactant to only the bottom portion of each nanowell and the at least one target reactant is not bound to the interstitial regions.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising washing unreacted reactants out of the nanowell substrates.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising using a polymer and azide moieties that are bound to the polymer as the first group of reactants.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising using poly (N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl) acrylamide as the polymer.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising using a camphorquinone-amine photosensitizing system using a light wavelength of about 470 nm as the light-sensitive photoinitiator system.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising using an alkyne-linked primer as the at least one target reactant.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising using an alkyne-linked fluorophore as the at least one target reactant.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising using a laser as a source of the light.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising using a material having a refractive index in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 for the layer of light coupling gratings and a material having a refractive index in the range of 2.0 to 2.15 for the core layer.
19. A method for patterning flow cell substrates, comprising:
fabricating a planar waveguide flow cell, wherein fabricating the planar waveguide flow cell includes:
forming light coupling gratings on a glass substrate;
depositing a core layer on the light coupling gratings;
depositing a cladding layer on the core layer; and
patterning the cladding layer to include nanowells in the cladding layer and interstitial regions of the cladding layer between the nanowells, wherein each nanowell includes a top portion and a bottom portion;
silanizing the patterned cladding layer of the planar waveguide flow cell such that both the nanowells and the interstitial regions of the patterned cladding layer are silanized;
coating the silanized cladding layer with a first group of reactants such that both the nanowells and the interstitial regions of the cladding layer are coated with the first group of reactants, wherein the first group of reactants includes a polymer, azide moieties bound to the polymer, a copper ligand, and a first light-sensitive photoinitiator system;
directing first light of a predetermined wavelength internally within the planar waveguide flow cell such that the light coupling gratings and the core layer reflect the first light to only the bottom portion of each nanowell for photo-initiating a first chemical reaction between the reactants in the first group of reactants, wherein the photo-initiated first chemical reaction covalently binds the polymer to only the bottom portion of each nanowell and the polymer is not bound to the interstitial regions;
introducing a second group of reactants into the nanowells, wherein the second group of reactants includes at least one target reactant, a copper ligand, and a second light-sensitive photoinitiator system; and
directing second light of a predetermined wavelength internally within the planar waveguide flow cell such that the light coupling gratings and the core layer reflect the second light to only the bottom portion of each nanowell for photo-initiating a second chemical reaction between the covalently bound polymer and the second group of reactants, wherein the photo- initiated second chemical reaction covalently binds the at least one target reactant to only the bottom portion of each nanowell and the at least one target reactant is not bound to the interstitial regions.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising washing unreacted reactants out of the nanowell substrates after each of the first and second photo-initiated chemical reactions.