Hybrid fiber for detection of UV light

1. A hybrid fiber for detecting ultraviolet (UV) light, the hybrid fiber comprising:

a conductor comprising a conductive material;

a first layer comprising a first material deposited onto the conductor, the first material configured to transport holes and block electrons;

a photoactive layer comprising a photoactive material coating the first layer, the photoactive material comprising a first submaterial and a second submaterial;

a second layer comprising a second material deposited onto the photoactive layer, the second material configured to block holes and transport electrons; and

a transparent electrode comprising a transparent electrode material deposited onto the second layer,

wherein, in an operation, with a reverse bias voltage across the conductor and the transparent electrode, when the hybrid fiber is not illuminated by UV light, the second layer and the transparent electrode are configured to impede an injection of holes, and the conductor and the first layer are configured to impede an injection of electrons, resulting in a dark current corresponding to a dark current density less than or equal to a threshold of the dark current density, and

when the hybrid fiber is illuminated by UV light, the second layer and the transparent electrode are configured to allow an injection of holes in response to an operation of the photoactive layer, resulting in a photocurrent density of at least three orders of magnitude greater than the threshold of the dark current density.

2. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein the threshold of the dark current density is in a range of 10 −6 to 10 −5 A/cm 2 (amperes per centimeter squared).

3. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein the first submaterial is a wide bandgap semiconductor material and the second submaterial is configured to transport holes and to block electrons.

4. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein an operating voltage corresponding to the reverse bias voltage is less than 20 volts.

5. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein the conductor is flexible.

6. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein the conductive material is selected from the group consisting of graphene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (“PEDOT/PSS”); poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (“MEH-PPV”), metal or a carbon nanotube; the first material is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), 2,2′,7,7′-Tetra(N,N-di-p-tolyl)amino-9,9-spirobifluorene (“Spiro-TTB”); N,N′-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (“NPB”); N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (“TPD”), nickel oxide (NiO), copper oxide (CuO); the photoactive material first submaterial is selected from the group consisting of Cs 2 SnCl 6 , Cs 2 SnCl 6 doped with Bismuth (Bi), Indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ); the photoactive material second submaterial is selected from the group consisting of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), Spiro-TTB, NPB, TPD, NiO, CuO, 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC); the second material is selected from the group consisting of bathocuproine (“BCP”), Bathophenanthroline (“BPhen”), Diphenyl[4-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl]phosphine oxide (“TSPO1”), Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ); and the transparent electrode material is selected from the group consisting of a carbon nanotube network, graphene, tin-doped indium oxide (“ITO”); aluminium-doped zinc oxide (“AZO”), fluorine-doped tin oxide (“FTO”).

7. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein the photoactive layer is coated onto the first layer by a coating process selected from the group consisting of dip, spin, spray, electrochemical, and self-adsorption.

8. The hybrid fiber of claim 1 , wherein the first submaterial comprises a perovskite material.

9. The hybrid fiber of claim 8 , wherein the perovskite material comprises Cs 2 SnCl 6 .

10. The hybrid fiber of claim 9 , wherein the perovskite material further comprises bismuth (Bi).

11. The hybrid fiber of claim 8 , wherein the second submaterial is PVK (poly(N-vinylcarbazole)) or TACP (1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane).

12. A hybrid fiber for detecting ultraviolet (UV) light, the hybrid fiber comprising:

a conductive fiber comprising a graphene material;

a first layer comprising molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ) deposited onto the conductive fiber, the MoO 3 configured to transport holes and block electrons;

a photoactive layer comprising a photoactive material coating the first layer, the photoactive material comprising a perovskite material and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) or 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC);

a second layer comprising a bathocuproine (“BCP”) material deposited onto the photoactive layer, the BCP material configured to block holes and transport electrons; and

a transparent electrode comprising a multiwall carbon nanotube material or a graphene quantum dot material, the transparent electrode deposited onto the second layer,

wherein, in an operation, with a reverse bias voltage across the conductive fiber and the transparent electrode, when the hybrid fiber is not illuminated by UV light, the second layer and the transparent electrode are configured to impede an injection of holes, and the conductive fiber and the first layer are configured to impede an injection of electrons, resulting in a dark current corresponding to a dark current density less than or equal to a threshold of the dark current density, and

when the hybrid fiber is illuminated by UV light, the second layer and the transparent electrode are configured to allow an injection of holes in response to an operation of the photoactive layer, resulting in a photocurrent density of at least three orders of magnitude greater than the threshold of the dark current density.

13. The hybrid fiber of claim 12 , wherein the threshold of the dark current density is in a range of 10 −6 to 10 −1 A/cm 2 (amperes per centimeter squared).

14. The hybrid fiber of claim 12 , wherein an operating voltage corresponding to the reverse bias voltage is less than 20 volts.

15. The hybrid fiber of claim 12 , wherein the conductive fiber is flexible.

16. The hybrid fiber of claim 12 , wherein the photoactive layer is coated onto the first layer by a coating process selected from the group consisting of dip, spin, spray, electrochemical, and self-adsorption.

17. The hybrid fiber of claim 12 , wherein the perovskite material comprises Cs 2 SnCl 6 .

18. The hybrid fiber of claim 17 , wherein the perovskite material further comprises bismuth (Bi).