Subsea installations comprising heated conduits
A subsea installation for the production of hydrocarbons includes a flowline and a group of heating cables extending along the flowline. A star end termination effecting short-circuit connection between the heating cables of the group is located at a subsea location remote from the flowline. For example, a subsea structure or fluid conduit in fluid communication with the flowline, such as a PLET or a spool, can be interposed between the termination and the flowline. The termination may be a module that is connectable electrically to the heating cables via flying leads and connector hubs.
1. A subsea installation for the production of hydrocarbons, the installation comprising:
a flowline terminated at its ends by terminal structures;
a first group of heating cables extending along the flowline, the heating cables of the first group being connected to a three-phase power supply and arranged to carry three electrical power phases; and
a termination effecting short-circuit connection between the heating cables of the first group;
wherein the termination is located at a subsea location remote from the flowline.
2. The installation of claim 1 and further comprising at least one connecting conduit in fluid communication with the flowline, wherein the termination is connected electrically to the first group of heating cables via at least one second group of heating cables that extends along the or each connecting conduit.
3. The installation of claim 2 , wherein the or each connecting conduit is a jumper or spool in fluid communication with at least one subsea structure that is in fluid communication with the flowline.
4. The installation of claim 1 , wherein at least one subsea structure in fluid communication with the flowline is interposed between the termination and the flowline.
5. The installation of claim 4 , wherein the termination is mounted on the at least one subsea structure interposed between the termination and the flowline.
6. The installation of claim 4 , wherein electrical connection between the termination and the first group of heating cables is made via electrical connections in the at least one subsea structure interposed between the termination and the flowline.
7. The installation of claim 4 , wherein electrical connection between the termination and the first group of heating cables bypasses the at least one subsea structure interposed between the termination and the flowline.
8. The installation of claim 3 , wherein the subsea structure is a wellhead, a manifold, or a pipeline accessory.
9. The installation of claim 1 , wherein the termination is connected electrically to the first group of heating cables via at least one set of ROV-connectable flying leads.
10. The installation of claim 9 , further comprising connector hubs to which the flying leads are ROV-connectable.
11. The installation of claim 1 , wherein the termination comprises:
connectors corresponding to the heating cables of the first group; and
conductors extending from the connectors to a neutral point.
12. The installation of claim 11 , wherein the termination further comprises heat-exchange formations in thermal communication with the neutral point.
13. The installation of claim 11 , wherein the termination further comprises a housing that supports the connectors and that surrounds the conductors and the neutral point.
14. The installation of claim 11 , wherein the termination further comprises a mount or foundation for supporting the termination.
15. The installation of claim 11 , wherein the connectors of the termination comprise a set of ROV-connectable flying leads.
16. The installation of claim 11 , wherein the connectors of the termination comprise at least one connector hub that is engageable with a set of ROV-connectable flying leads.
17. A method of installing a subsea installation for the production of hydrocarbons, the method comprising:
placing a termination at a subsea location remote from an electrically heated subsea flowline, the flowline being terminated at its ends by terminal structures; and
electrically connecting the termination to a first group of heating cables extending along the flowline to effect short-circuit connection between the heating cables, the heating cables of the first group being connected to a three-phase power supply and arranged to carry three electrical power phases.
18. The method of claim 17 , comprising connecting the termination to the first group of heating cables via a set of flying leads connected underwater between the termination and the heating cables.
19. The method of claim 17 , comprising interposing at least one subsea structure between the termination and the flowline, the at least one subsea structure being in fluid communication with the flowline.
20. The method of claim 19 , comprising electrically connecting the termination to the first group of heating cables via electrical connections in the at least one subsea structure interposed between the termination and the flowline.
21. The method of claim 19 , comprising electrically connecting the termination to the first group of heating cables via electrical connections that bypass the at least one subsea structure interposed between the termination and the flowline.
22. The method of claim 19 , comprising mounting the termination on the at least one subsea structure interposed between the termination and the flowline.
23. The method of claim 17 , comprising interposing at least one connecting conduit between the termination and the flowline, the connecting conduit being in fluid communication with the flowline.
24. The method of claim 23 , comprising:
electrically connecting the first group of heating cables to a second group of heating cables extending along the connecting conduit; and
connecting the termination to effect short-circuit connection between the heating cables of the first and second groups.
25. The method of claim 24 , comprising connecting a set of flying leads underwater between the first and second groups of heating cables.