Quantification of nanobubble reactivity in water
Quantifying nanobubbles in solution includes combining an indicator with a fluid comprising nanobubbles to yield a first solution, bursting the nanobubbles in the first solution to yield a second solution, and assessing a difference between the first solution and the second solution to yield a concentration of the nanobubbles in the first solution, a concentration of reactive oxygen species in the first solution or the second solution, or both.
1. A method of quantifying nanobubbles in solution, the method comprising:
combining an indicator with a fluid comprising nanobubbles to yield a first solution;
bursting the nanobubbles in the first solution to yield a second solution; and
assessing a difference between the first solution and the second solution to yield:
a concentration of the nanobubbles in the first solution,
a concentration of reactive oxygen species in the first solution or the second solution, or both,
wherein the indicator comprises methylene blue, and the reactive oxygen species oxidizes the methylene blue, thus producing a colon metric reaction between the methylene and the reactive oxygen species, and
wherein the colorimetric reaction produces color depletion of methylene blue, which is related back to the concentration of nanobubbles in the second solution.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanobubbles have an average diameter in a range of about 20 nm to about 1000 nm.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the nanobubbles have an average diameter in a range of about 20 nm to about 500 nm.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is an aqueous fluid.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the fluid is water.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein bursting the nanobubbles comprises sonicating the first solution.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the difference between the first solution and the second solution comprises assessing a difference in concentration of the indicator between the first solution and the second solution.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the difference between the first solution and the second solution comprises assessing a difference in concentration of the indicator between a control solution and the second solution.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the difference between the first solution and the second solution comprises assessing a difference in color between the first solution and the second solution.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the difference between the first solution and the second solution comprises assessing a difference in color between a control solution and the second solution.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive oxygen species comprises a free radical.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the reactive oxygen species comprises a hydroxyl radical.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of nanobubbles in the first solution is in a range between 10 6 and 10 9 nanobubbles/mL of the first solution.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein bursting the nanobubbles releases the reactive oxygen species.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein assessing the difference between the first solution and the second solution comprises a spectrophotometric assessment of the second solution.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the spectrophotometric assessment of the second solution comprises measuring absorption of the second solution at a specified wavelength of radiation.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the spectrophotometric assessment of the second solution comprises measuring absorption of the second solution at 663 nm.