Ghost image mitigation in see-through displays with pixel arrays
A head-mounted apparatus include an eyepiece that include a variable dimming assembly and a frame mounting the eyepiece so that a user side of the eyepiece faces a towards a user and a world side of the eyepiece opposite the first side faces away from the user. The dynamic dimming assembly selectively modulates an intensity of light transmitted parallel to an optical axis from the world side to the user side during operation. The dynamic dimming assembly includes a variable birefringence cell having multiple pixels each having an independently variable birefringence, a first linear polarizer arranged on the user side of the variable birefringence cell, the first linear polarizer being configured to transmit light propagating parallel to the optical axis linearly polarized along a pass axis of the first linear polarizer orthogonal to the optical axis, a quarter wave plate arranged between the variable birefringence cell and the first linear polarizer, a fast axis of the quarter wave plate being arranged relative to the pass axis of the first linear polarizer to transform linearly polarized light transmitted by the first linear polarizer into circularly polarized light, and a second linear polarizer on the world side of the variable birefringence cell.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a dynamic dimming assembly configured to selectively modulate an intensity of light transmitted parallel to an optical axis of the apparatus, the dynamic dimming assembly comprising:
a variable birefringence cell;
a first linear polarizer arranged on a first side of the variable birefringence cell, the first linear polarizer being configured to transmit light propagating parallel to the optical axis linearly polarized along a pass axis of the first linear polarizer orthogonal to the optical axis;
a quarter wave plate arranged between the variable birefringence cell and the first linear polarizer, a fast axis of the quarter wave plate being arranged relative to the pass axis of the first linear polarizer to transform linearly polarized light transmitted by the first linear polarizer into circularly polarized light; and
a second linear polarizer on a second side of the variable birefringence cell, wherein the apparatus is an eyepiece; and
a see-through display comprising a plurality of waveguides, each of the waveguides corresponding to at least one of a different color of light or a different depth of virtual content for presentation by the see-through display, and wherein the first linear polarizer is disposed between the see-through display and the variable birefringence cell.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the dynamic dimming assembly further comprises an optical retarder arranged between the variable birefringence cell and the second linear polarizer.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the optical retarder comprises a second quarter wave plate.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the optical retarder comprises an A-plate with a retardation greater than a retardation of the quarter wave plate.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein a difference between a retardation of the optical retarder and a retardation of the quarter wave plate corresponds to a residual retardation of the variable birefringent cell in a minimum birefringence state.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the variable birefringence cell comprises a liquid crystal layer.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the liquid crystal layer is configured in an electrically controllable birefringence mode.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the liquid crystal layer is a vertically aligned liquid crystal layer.
9. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises a nematic phase liquid crystal.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the pixels of the variable birefringence cell comprise actively addressed pixels.
11. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the see-through display comprises one or more waveguide layers arranged to receive light and direct the light away from the dynamic dimming assembly during operation of the apparatus.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising one or more index-matching layers arranged between the see-through display and the variable dimming assembly.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the dynamic dimming assembly comprises one or more antireflection layers.
14. An augmented reality system comprising the apparatus of claim 1 .
15. An apparatus for use in a head-mounted apparatus, the apparatus having a user side facing a user during use of the head mounted apparatus and a world side facing away from the user during use of the head mounted apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a dynamic dimming assembly configured to selectively modulate an intensity of light incident to the apparatus of the world side and transmitted parallel to an optical axis of the apparatus, the dynamic dimming assembly comprising:
a liquid crystal layer;
a circular polarizer arranged on a first side of the liquid crystal layer and configured to circularly polarize the light; and
a linear polarizer on a second side of the liquid crystal layer and configured to linearly polarize the light; and
a see-through display comprising a plurality of waveguides, each of the waveguides corresponding to at least one of a different color of light or a different depth of virtual content for presentation by the see-through display, wherein the circular linear polarizer is disposed between the see-through display and the liquid crystal layer,
wherein the apparatus is an eyepiece.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the circular polarizer comprises a second linear polarizer and a quarter wave plate.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , further comprising an A-plate arranged between the linear polarizer and the liquid crystal layer.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising a pixelated cell comprising the liquid crystal layer, wherein the pixelated cell is an actively addressed pixelated cell.
19. An augmented reality system comprising the apparatus of claim 18 .