Conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO
Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a cartridge including an inlet configured to receive a nitrogen dioxide-containing gas;
a substrate configured to retain water disposed within the cartridge; and
an aqueous antioxidant wetting the substrate, the cartridge configured such that nitrogen dioxide-containing gas flows from the inlet and across the substrate such that the aqueous antioxidant converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide,
the cartridge includes an outlet configured to expel nitric oxide-containing gas that has passed through the substrate.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous antioxidant includes at least one of vitamin C or vitamin E.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous antioxidant is a saturated solution of ascorbic acid.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous antioxidant includes at least one of ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol, or gamma tocopherol.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes silica gel.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes at least one of cotton or glass wool.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a source of nitrogen dioxide fluidically coupled to the inlet of the cartridge.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a tankless source of nitrogen dioxide fluidically coupled to the inlet of the cartridge.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a gas permeation cell containing at least one of dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen dioxide fluidically coupled to the inlet of the cartridge.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outlet of the cartridge is configured to be fluidically coupled to a ventilator such that the ventilator can deliver nitric oxide to a patient.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein cartridge is configured such that the aqueous antioxidant converts the nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a sensor configured to produce a warning when a concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the nitric oxide-containing gas exceeds a threshold value.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge is a first cartridge including a first inlet and a first outlet, the apparatus further comprising:
a second cartridge configured to receive the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas via a second input and expel nitric oxide-containing gas via a second output;
a switching valve configured to selectively couple a source of the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas to the first cartridge or the second cartridge; and
a detector downstream of the first cartridge and the second cartridge, the detector communicatively coupled to the switching valve and configured to cause the switching valve to decouple the source of nitrogen dioxide-containing gas from the first cartridge and couple the source of the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas to the second cartridge when a concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the nitric oxide-containing gas exiting the outlet of the first cartridge exceeds a threshold.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge is a first cartridge including a first inlet and a first outlet, the apparatus further comprising:
a second cartridge configured to receive the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas via a second input and expel nitric oxide-containing gas via a second output;
a switching valve configured to selectively couple a source of the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas to the first cartridge or the second cartridge; and
a detector downstream of the first cartridge and the second cartridge, the detector communicatively coupled to the switching valve and configured cause the switching valve to decouple the source of the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas from the second cartridge and couple the source of nitrogen dioxide-containing gas to the first cartridge when a concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the nitric oxide-containing gas exceeds a threshold.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the second cartridge contains activated alumina.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein:
the first cartridge includes a first substrate and a first aqueous antioxidant; and
the second cartridge includes a second substrate and a second aqueous antioxidant wetting the second substrate, the second cartridge configured such that nitrogen dioxide-containing gas flows from the second inlet and through the second substrate such that the second aqueous antioxidant converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the first substrate is the same as the second substrate and the first aqueous antioxidant is the same as the second aqueous antioxidant.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge is a first cartridge including a first inlet and a first outlet, the apparatus further comprising:
a second cartridge configured to receive the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas via a second input and expel nitric oxide-containing gas via a second output;
at least one valve configured cause the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas to enter the first inlet and the first outlet to be coupled to the second inlet when the at least one valve is in a first configuration, the at least one valve configured to cause the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas to enter the second inlet and the second outlet to be coupled to the first inlet when the at least one valve is in a second configuration.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein
the first cartridge includes a first substrate and a first aqueous antioxidant; and
the second cartridge includes a second substrate and a second aqueous antioxidant wetting the second substrate, the second cartridge configured such that nitrogen dioxide-containing gas flows from the second inlet and through the second substrate such that the second aqueous antioxidant converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is porous with a mesh size between 35 and 70.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the substrate includes surface-activated silica gel; and
the aqueous antioxidant includes ascorbic acid.
22. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge is configured to be coupled to a system that includes a pump configured to supply air to the cartridge via the inlet.
23. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the cartridge is configured to be coupled to a system that includes a pump configured to supply air to the cartridge via the inlet; and
the cartridge is disposable.
24. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the cartridge is configured to be coupled to a system that includes a pump configured to supply air to the cartridge;
the system is tankless and portable; and
the system includes a sensor downstream of the outlet of the cartridge, the sensor configured to produce an alarm based on a detection of nitrogen dioxide.
25. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous antioxidant is nontoxic.
26. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge is configured to remove all nitrogen dioxide from the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas.