Four particle electrophoretic medium providing fast, high-contrast optical state switching
Improved electrophoretic media including a first particle of a first polarity and three particles of the opposite polarity, wherein the first particle and optionally one of the particles of the opposite polarity undergo a diminution of electrophoretic mobility with increased electric field. Such electrophoretic media enable full-color displays with very fast updates between white and black pixels.
1. An electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and including:
a first type of particle having a first optical property and a first charge polarity;
a second type of particle having a second optical property, and having a second charge polarity opposite to the first charge polarity with a first charge magnitude, the second type of particle having a surface coating of polymer that is covalently bound to the particle;
a third type of particle having a third optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge magnitude; and
a fourth type of particle having a fourth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude larger than the first charge magnitude,
wherein the third type of particle and the fourth type of particle both include a layer of polymer complexed to the particle.
2. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein when the electrophoretic medium is disposed between two electrodes separated by 10-50 μm, the first type of particle has a lower electrophoretic mobility when 20V is applied between the two electrodes than when 10V is applied between the electrodes.
3. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first type of particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are light-absorbing.
4. The electrophoretic medium of claim 3 , wherein the first type of particle is white, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are selected from cyan, magenta, and yellow.
5. The electrophoretic medium of claim 4 , wherein the yellow, magenta and cyan pigments exhibit diffuse reflectances at 650, 550 and 450 nm, respectively, when the respective particles are approximately isotropically distributed at 15% by volume (volume particles to volume solution) in a non-polar fluid having a refractive index less than 1.55 to make a solution, and the solution is disposed in a layer of thickness of approximately 1 μm over a black background.
6. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first charge polarity is negative and the second charge polarity is positive.
7. A color electrophoretic display comprising:
a light-transmissive electrode at a viewing surface;
a backplane including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes; and
the electrophoretic medium of claim 1 disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane.
8. An electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and including:
a first type of particle having a first optical property and a first charge polarity;
a second type of particle having a second optical property, and having a second charge polarity opposite to the first charge polarity with a first charge magnitude, the second particle having no surface coating of polymer;
a third type of particle having a third optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge magnitude; and
a fourth type of particle having a fourth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude larger than the first charge magnitude,
wherein the third type of particle and the fourth type of particle both include a layer of polymer complexed to the particle.
9. The electrophoretic medium of claim 8 , wherein when the electrophoretic medium is disposed between two electrodes separated by 10-50 μm, the first type of particle has a lower electrophoretic mobility when 20V is applied between the two electrodes than when 10V is applied between the electrodes.
10. The electrophoretic medium of claim 8 , wherein the first type of particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are light-absorbing.
11. The electrophoretic medium of claim 10 , wherein the first type of particle is white, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are selected from cyan, magenta, and yellow.
12. The electrophoretic medium of claim 11 , wherein the yellow, magenta and cyan pigments exhibit diffuse reflectances at 650, 550 and 450 nm, respectively, when the respective particles are approximately isotropically distributed at 15% by volume (volume particles to volume solution) in a non-polar fluid having a refractive index less than 1.55 to make a solution, and the solution is disposed in a layer of thickness of approximately 1 μm over a black background.
13. The electrophoretic medium of claim 8 , wherein the first charge polarity is negative and the second charge polarity is positive.
14. A color electrophoretic display comprising:
a light-transmissive electrode at a viewing surface;
a backplane including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes; and
the electrophoretic medium of claim 8 disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane.
15. An electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and including:
a first type of particle having a first optical property and a first charge polarity;
a second type of particle having a second optical property, and having a second charge polarity opposite to the first charge polarity with a first charge magnitude, the second type of particle having greater than 200 mg of a charge control agent (CCA) adsorbed onto the second type of particle for each gram of the second type of particle in the electrophoretic medium;
a third type of particle having a third optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge magnitude; and
a fourth type of particle having a fourth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude larger than the first charge magnitude,
wherein the third type of particle and the fourth type of particle each have less than 50 mg of a charge control agent (CCA) adsorbed onto the third and fourth types of particles for each respective gram of third and fourth types of particles in the electrophoretic medium.
16. The electrophoretic medium of claim 15 , wherein the charge control agent (CCA) comprises a quaternary amine head group and a fatty acid tail.
17. The electrophoretic medium of claim 15 , wherein when the electrophoretic medium is disposed between two electrodes separated by 10-50 μm, the first type of particle has a lower electrophoretic mobility when 20V is applied between the two electrodes than when 10V is applied between the electrodes.
18. The electrophoretic medium of claim 15 , wherein the first type of particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are light-absorbing.
19. The electrophoretic medium of claim 15 , wherein the first type of particle is white, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are selected from cyan, magenta, and yellow.
20. A color electrophoretic display comprising:
a light-transmissive electrode at a viewing surface;
a backplane including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes; and
the electrophoretic medium of claim 15 disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane.
21. A four-particle electrophoretic medium for use in a color electrophoretic display, comprising:
a non-polar fluid; and
a four-particle system comprising four types of electrophoretic particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, said four types of particles comprising:
a first type of particle having a first optical property and a first charge polarity;
a second type of particle having a second optical property, and having a second charge polarity with a first charge magnitude, said second charge polarity being opposite to the first charge polarity;
a third type of particle having a third optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge magnitude; and
a fourth type of particle having a fourth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude larger than the first charge magnitude;
wherein the first type of particle and only one of the second, third, and fourth types of particles are configured to undergo a diminution in electrophoretic mobility with an increased electric field, and
wherein the first type of particle is white, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are selected from cyan, magenta, and yellow.
22. The electrophoretic medium of claim 21 , wherein the second particle is magenta, the third particle is yellow, and the fourth particle is cyan.
23. The electrophoretic medium of claim 21 , wherein the first charge polarity is negative and the second charge polarity is positive.
24. The electrophoretic medium of claim 21 , wherein the four-particle system comprises exactly four types of electrophoretic particles.