Pyrimidine nucleoside compounds for fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy
Fluorescent nucleobase surrogates capable of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding are essential probes of nucleic acid structure and dynamics. Their limited brightness and short absorption and emission wavelengths have rendered them unsuitable for single-molecule detection. Herein, we synthesized a new tricyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogue with a push-pull conjugated system. The resulting C-linked 8-(diethylamino)benzo[b][1,8] naphthyridin-2(1H)-one nucleoside (ABN), exhibits ε 442 =20,000 M −1 cm −1 and Φ em,540 =0.39 in water, increasing to Φ em =0.50-0.53 when base paired with adenine in duplex DNA oligonucleotides. Single-molecule fluorescence measurements of ABN using both one-photon and two-photon excitation demonstrate its excellent photostability and indicate that the nucleoside is present to >95% in a bright state with count rates of at least 15 kHz per molecule. This new fluorescent nucleobase analogue, which, in duplex DNA, is the brightest and most red-shifted known, is first to offer robust single-molecule fluorescence detection capabilities.
1. A compound of Formula IA:
or a salt thereof;
wherein
X is O, S, or NR a , wherein R a is H or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
Y is NR b R c , OR d , SR e , or
wherein A and B are each independently O, N, or S;
G is H, halo, or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
R b , R c R d , and R e are each independently H or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, halo, OH, SH, NH 2 , or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl; and
Z is a monosaccharide or peptide;
wherein each —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl moiety is unbranched or branched, saturated or partially unsaturated, and substituted optionally with one or more halo, OH or NH 2 .
2. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is O.
3. The compound of claim 1 wherein Y is NR b R c .
4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, F, or CF 3 .
5. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is a furanose, ribose, or deoxyribose or deoxypyranose.
6. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-5-yl.
7. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound of Formula IA is a compound of Formula II:
wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, triphosphate, a phosphoramidite, or protecting group.
8. The compound of claim 7 wherein X is O and Y is N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 .
9. The compound of claim 7 wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr), or (2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidityl.
10. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound of Formula IA is 7′, 11, 12, or ABN:
11. A method for imaging comprising:
a) incorporating into an oligonucleotide a compound of Formula IA:
or a salt thereof;
wherein
X is O, S, or NR a , wherein R a is H or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
Y is NR b R c , OR d , SR e , or
wherein A and B are each independently O, N, or S;
G is H, halo, or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
R b , R c R d , and R e are each independently H or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, halo, OH, SH, NH 2 , or —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl; and
Z is a monosaccharide;
wherein each —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl moiety is unbranched or branched, saturated or partially unsaturated, and substituted optionally with one or more halo, OH or NH 2 ;
b) exciting the compound at a suitable wavelength to form a fluorescing compound, wherein one or more photons excite a single molecule of the compound; and
c) counting the number of photons emitted by the fluorescing compound as a function of time;
wherein the base-paired compound is thereby imaged.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound of Formula IA is 8-(diethylamino)-3-((2R,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridin-2(1H)-one (ABN).
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the monosaccharide group (Z) of the compound is covalently bound to one or more nucleic acids of the oligonucleotide via one or more phosphodiester groups.
14. The method of claim 11 further comprising scavenging oxygen in a mixture comprising an oxygen scavenger and the incorporated compound.
15. The method of claim 11 comprising contacting a compound of Formula IA and the oligonucleotide under suitable conditions for oligonucleotide synthesis wherein the synthesis proceeds in the 3′- to 5′-direction and the compound is covalently bound to the oligonucleotide.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound of Formula IA is a compound of Formula II:
wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, —(C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, triphosphate, a phosphoramidite, or protecting group.
17. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is (2R,3R,5R)-2-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-5-(8-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[b][1,8]naphthyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl (2-cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite (12).
18. The method of claim 11 wherein the suitable wavelength to excite the base-paired compound is about 415 nanometers to about 445 nanometers and/or the fluorescing compound has an emission wavelength of about 470 nanometers to about 545 nanometers.
19. The method of claim 11 wherein the based-paired compound is imaged by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), or single-molecule FRET.
20. The method of claim 11 wherein a single molecule of the fluorescing compound emits a sufficient number of photons to be imaged by fluorescence correlation microscopy.