FUEL CELLS WITH ENHANCED CARBON MONOXIDE TOLERANCE CATALYST LAYER USING COMPOSITE CATALYST
A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) includes a membrane, a cathode catalyst layer, and an anode catalyst layer. The anode catalyst layer includes a Pt/C catalyst layer that has one or more hydrogen bronzes. The hydrogen bronzes include one or more oxides of niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The anode catalyst layer does not include ruthenium.
1 . A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:
a cathode layer;
an anode layer, the anode layer including a hydrogen bronze; and
a proton exchange membrane disposed between the cathode layer and the anode layer.
2 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the anode layer is free of ruthenium.
3 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the anode layer includes a Pt/C catalyst.
4 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes a metal oxide selected from a group consisting of niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, and combinations thereof.
5 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes niobium oxide.
6 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes molybdenum oxide.
7 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes tungsten oxide.
8 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes a member selected from a group consisting of Pt/C—H—Nb 2 O 5 , Pt/C—H—-MoO 3 , Pt/C—H—WO 3 , and combinations thereof.
9 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes Pt/C—H—Nb 2 O 5 .
10 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes Pt/C—H—MoO 3 .
11 . The membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes Pt/C—H—WO 3 .
12 . A fuel cell comprising a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 .
13 . A fuel stack comprising a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 .
14 . A vehicle comprising a fuel cell including a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 .
15 . A method of making a membrane electrode assembly, comprising:
disposing a cathode layer on one side of a proton exchange membrane; and
disposing an anode layer on another side of the proton exchange membrane, the anode layer including a hydrogen bronze.
16 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the anode layer is free of ruthenium.
17 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes a metal oxide selected from a group consisting of niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, and combinations thereof.
18 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the hydrogen bronze includes a member selected from a group consisting of Pt/C—H—Nb 2 O 5 , Pt/C—H—MoO 3 , Pt/C—H—WO 3 , and combinations thereof.
19 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the anode layer is formed from a composition including an ionomer, platinum disposed on a high-surface-area carbon support (Pt/C), and the hydrogen bronze, the hydrogen bronze including a member selected from a group consisting of niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, and combinations thereof.
20 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the anode layer is formed from a composition including an ionomer, platinum disposed on a high-surface-area carbon support (Pt/C) impregnated with the hydrogen bronze, the high-surface-area carbon support (Pt/C) impregnated with the hydrogen bronze including a member selected from a group consisting of Pt/C—H—Nb 2 O 5 , Pt/C—H—MoO 3 , Pt/C—H—WO 3 , and combinations thereof.