Methods and apparatuses for spectrophotometric determination of contents and turbidity of a liquid sample
A method for determining contents of sample liquids spectrometrically includes an empty-state measurement with no liquid present, to obtain an empty-state light intensity measurement I e . A liquid-blank measurement is then taken of a pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, to obtain a liquid-blank light intensity measurement I w . A sample measurement of the sample liquid is then taken to obtain a sample light intensity measurement I s . Using I e , I w , and I s , determination is made of a volume concentration of a liquid component [H2O] in the sample liquid, and a liquid-corrected light intensity measurement I wc . From I s , I wc and a known length of the light path, a volume concentration of alcohol [Alc] is calculated. From [H2O] and [Alc], a remnant volume concentration attributable to other constituents is determined, from which a carbohydrate concentration [Carb] is calculated using a predetermined carbohydrate coefficient. Provisions for turbidity determination and light scatter correction are included.
1 . A testing method for determining contents of liquids, said method comprising:
(a) obtaining a subject liquid composed of multiple substances, at least one of which is a liquid component whose concentration is to be measured;
(b) using a testing apparatus comprising a light source for transmitting light through said subject liquid along a light path of known length (L) therethrough, a spectrometer operable to measure an intensity of the light after travel thereof through said subject liquid on said light path, and one or more computing devices connected to said spectrometer to receive light intensity measurements therefrom, performing the following steps:
(i) a liquid-absent measurement step comprising transmission of light along said light path in a state thereof absent of any liquid substance, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path in said absence of any liquid substance, thereby obtaining an liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ) from the spectrometer;
(ii) a liquid-blank measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by a pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path and through said pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, thereby obtaining a liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ) from the spectrometer;
(iii) a subject liquid measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by the subject liquid, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel along said light path and through said subject liquid, thereby obtaining a subject light intensity measurement (I s ) from the spectrometer;
(c) using said liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ), said liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ), and said subject light intensity I s measurement, calculation by the one or more computing devices of both a volume concentration of the liquid component in said subject liquid, and a liquid-corrected light intensity (I wc );
wherein, among said liquid substances of which the subject liquid is composed, said liquid component is water and the pure unmixed volume of the liquid component in the liquid-blank measurement step (b)(ii) is pure water, whereby the liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ) measured in the liquid-blank measurement step (b)(ii) is a water-blank light intensity measurement, the liquid-corrected light intensity (I wc ) calculated in step (c) is a water-corrected light intensity, and said volume concentration of the liquid component calculated in step (c) is a volume concentration of water.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein said multiple substances of which the subject liquid is composed, in addition to said water, also includes alcohol, and the method further comprises:
(d) using said subject light intensity measurement (I s ), said water-corrected light intensity measurement (I wc ), and said known length of the light path, calculation by the computing device of a volume concentration of alcohol ([Alc]) in said subject liquid.
3 . The method of claim 2 wherein said multiple substances of which the subject liquid is composed, in addition to said water and said alcohol, also includes carbohydrate, and the method further comprises:
(e) subtraction, by the one or more computing devices, of said volume concentration of water ([H2O]) and said volume concentration of alcohol ([Alc]) from a total 100% volume concentration of the subject liquid, thereby calculating a remnant volume concentration attributable to constituents of the subject liquid other than said water and said alcohol; and
(f) using said remnant volume concentration and an experimentally derived carbohydrate coefficient, calculation by the one or more computing devices of a carbohydrate concentration ([Carb]) of the subject liquid.
4 . A testing method for determining contents of liquids, said method comprising:
(a) obtaining a subject liquid composed of multiple substances, at least one of which is a liquid component whose concentration is to be measured;
(b) using a testing apparatus comprising a light source for transmitting light through said subject liquid along a light path of known length (L) therethrough, a spectrometer operable to measure an intensity of the light after travel thereof through said subject liquid on said light path, and one or more computing devices connected to said spectrometer to receive light intensity measurements therefrom, performing the following steps:
(i) a liquid-absent measurement step comprising transmission of light along said light path in absence of any liquid substance, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path in said absence of any liquid substance, thereby obtaining an liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ) from the spectrometer;
(ii) a liquid-blank measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by a pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path and through said pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, thereby obtaining a liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ) from the spectrometer;
(iii) a subject measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by the subject liquid, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel along said light path and through said subject liquid, thereby obtaining a subject light intensity measurement (I s ) from the spectrometer;
(c) using said liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ), said liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ), and said subject light intensity I s measurement, calculation by the one or more computing devices of both a volume concentration of the liquid component in said subject liquid, and a liquid-corrected light intensity (I wc ); and
(d) using said liquid-absent light intensity measurement I e and said liquid-corrected light intensity (I wc ), calculation by the one or more computing devices of a color measurement of the subject liquid.
5 . A testing method for determining contents of liquids, said method comprising:
(a) obtaining a subject liquid composed of multiple substances, at least one of which is a liquid component whose concentration is to be measured;
(b) using a testing apparatus comprising a light source for transmitting light through said subject liquid along a light path of known length (L) therethrough, a spectrometer operable to measure an intensity of the light after travel thereof through said subject liquid on said light path, and one or more computing devices connected to said spectrometer to receive light intensity measurements therefrom, performing the following steps:
(i) a liquid-absent measurement step comprising transmission of light along said light path in absence of any liquid substance, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path in said absence of any liquid substance, thereby obtaining an liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ) from the spectrometer;
(ii) a liquid-blank measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by a pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path and through said pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, thereby obtaining a liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ) from the spectrometer:
(iii) a subject measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by the subject liquid, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel along said light path and through said subject liquid, thereby obtaining a subject light intensity measurement (I s ) from the spectrometer;
(c) using said liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ), said liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ), and said subject light intensity I s measurement, calculation by the one or more computing devices of both a volume concentration of the liquid component in said subject liquid, and a liquid-corrected light intensity (I wc ); and
(d) determining a turbidity of the subject liquid by:
calculation by the one or more computing devices of a pure-solvent optical density (OD 0 ) using the liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ) and the liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e );
calculation by the one or more computing devices of a subject optical density (OD s ) using the subject light intensity measurement (I s ) and the liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e );
conversion by the one or more computing devices of the pure-solvent optical density (OD 0 ) and subject optical density (OD s ) to logarithmic wavelength scale, plotting by the one or more computing devices of plots of the pure-solvent optical density (OD 0 ) and the subject optical density (OD s ) in said logarithmic wavelength scale, and calculation by the one or more computing devices of at least one of either a slope difference (Δ Slope) and an intersection difference (Δ Int) between said plots of the pure-solvent optical density (OD 0 ) and the subject optical density (OD s ) in said logarithmic wavelength scale and in a wavelength range (WLR) in which optical density is attributable only to light scattering; and
calculating turbidity of the subject liquid using either said slope difference (Δ Slope) or said intersection difference (Δ Int).
6 . A testing method for determining contents of liquids, said method comprising:
(a) obtaining a subject liquid composed of multiple substances, at least one of which is a liquid component whose concentration is to be measured;
(b) using a testing apparatus comprising a light source for transmitting light through said subject liquid along a light path of known length (L) therethrough, a spectrometer operable to measure an intensity of the light after travel thereof through said subject liquid on said light path, and one or more computing devices connected to said spectrometer to receive light intensity measurements therefrom, performing the following steps:
(i) a liquid-absent measurement step comprising transmission of light along said light path in absence of any liquid substance, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path in said absence of any liquid substance, thereby obtaining an liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ) from the spectrometer;
(ii) a liquid-blank measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by a pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel of said light along said light path and through said pure unmixed volume of said liquid component, thereby obtaining a liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ) from the spectrometer;
(iii) a subject measurement step comprising transmission of light by said light source along said light path during occupancy of said light path by the subject liquid, and measurement by the spectrometer of the intensity of said light after travel along said light path and through said subject liquid, thereby obtaining a subject light intensity measurement (I s ) from the spectrometer; and
(c) using said liquid-absent light intensity measurement (I e ), said liquid-blank light intensity measurement (I w ), and said subject light intensity I s measurement, calculation by the one or more computing devices of both a volume concentration of the liquid component in said subject liquid, and a liquid-corrected light intensity (I wc );
wherein step (c) comprises plotting by the one or more computing devices of a pure-solvent optical density spectrum plot (A we ) in a wavelength range WLR in which optical density is attributable to light scattering, calculation by the one or more computing devices of: a slope (SLP we ) and intercept (INT we ) of said pure-solvent optical density spectrum plot, a corrected pure-solvent optical density spectrum (OD we-corr ), where OD we-corr (λ)=A we (λ)−(SLP we ×λ+INT we ), and the volume concentration of solvent [Sol], where [Sol]=100×A se (λ)/OD we-corr (λ), or [Sol]=100×A′ se (λ)/OD′ we-corr (λ), and A se (λ)=−log 10 {I s (λ)/I e (λ)}.
7 . The testing method of claim 2 wherein step (d) comprises plotting by the one or more computing devices of: an optical density spectrum plot (Asw) in a wavelength range WLR for light scattering correction, a slope (SLP sw ) and intercept (INT sw ) of said subject optical density spectrum plot, a corrected subject optical density spectrum (OD sw-corr ), where OD sw-corr (λ)=A sw (λ)−(SLP sw ×λ+INT sw ), and the volume concentration of alcohol [Alc], where [Alc]=dOD sw-corr (λ)/{d ε (λ 0 )*L}, or [Alc]=OD sw-corr (λ)/{ε(λ 0 )*L}, and ε is a calibration-derived extinction coefficient of alcohol.
8 . The testing method of claim 5 wherein the subject measurement step (a)(iii) is performed as an in-situ measurement within a reaction mixture during production of a liquid product.