Pinwheel three-way Wilkinson power divider for millimeter wave applications
A symmetric, multi-layer, three-way power divider that is equally balanced, with resistors placed between all combinations of legs. This three-way power divider is specifically designed to be used in millimeter wave applications (e.g., 5G in the 20 GHz-40 GHz range for both dual and single polarization), specifically in designs where a common signal is distributed to a multiple of three elements. This three-way power divider also can be useful for addressing space constraints in 5G applications, e.g., due to routing limitations.
1. Apparatus comprising a three-way Wilkinson power divider for millimeter wave applications, the power divider comprising:
a distribution port layer and a common port layer separated by at least one intermediate material layer including at least one insulating material layer;
the distribution port layer formed of a first conductive material and including exactly three distribution legs connected to and arranged symmetrically around a center hub in a pinwheel arrangement with resistor leads substantially at a predetermined quarter wavelength position of the legs relative to the center hub for connection of isolation resistors substantially midway between each pair of adjacent distribution legs; and
the common port layer formed of a second conductive material and including a common port leg having an oblong body that electrically connects to the center hub of the distribution port layer by a conductive connection through the at least one intermediate material layer, wherein the oblong body of the common port leg is configured for matching to the three distribution legs and wherein the power divider exhibits isolated and balanced operation at millimeter wave frequencies.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the resistor leads are curved.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the curved resistor leads are configured to form a substantially circular ring interconnecting the three distribution port legs substantially at the quarter wavelength position of the legs relative to the center hub when the isolation resistors are connected to the resistor leads.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the curved resistor leads and substantially circular ring provide enhanced isolation between the distribution ports.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each resistor lead includes a proximal end coupled to a distribution leg and a distal end having a pad for connecting an isolation resistor.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the pad is a pad for surface-mounting the isolation resistor.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the proximal end is co-formed with the distribution leg.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the oblong body is a tear-shaped body.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conductive connection is a via.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising the isolation resistors connected to the resistor leads substantially midway between each pair of adjacent distribution legs.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a printed circuit board (PCB) on which the power divider is embodied, the PCB including at least the distribution port layer and the common port layer separated by the at least one intermediate material layer including the at least one insulating material layer.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising:
first RF circuitry;
second RF circuitry; and
third RF circuitry, wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry is coupled to a distinct one of the three distribution legs, and wherein at least one of:
a common signal from the common port leg is distributed via the power divider to the first, second, and third RF circuitry; or
signals from the first, second, and third RF circuitry are combined by the power divider to form a common signal provided to the common port leg.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry comprises beamforming circuitry.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry includes an RF integrated circuit.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry is coupled to at least one RF element.
16. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising:
RF common circuitry coupled to the common port leg.
17. An RF integrated circuit for millimeter wave applications, the RF integrated circuit comprising:
a three-way Wilkinson power divider comprising:
a distribution port layer and a common port layer separated by at least one intermediate material layer including at least one insulating material layer;
the distribution port layer formed of a first conductive material and including exactly three distribution legs connected to and arranged symmetrically around a center hub in a pinwheel arrangement with isolation resistors connected to the legs substantially at a predetermined quarter wavelength position of the legs relative to the center hub and with the isolation resistors positioned substantially midway between each pair of adjacent distribution legs; and
the common port layer formed of a second conductive material and including a common port leg having an oblong body that electrically connects to the center hub of the distribution port layer by a conductive connection through the at least one intermediate material layer, wherein the oblong body of the common port leg is configured for matching to the three distribution legs and wherein the power divider exhibits isolated and balanced operation at millimeter wave frequencies.
18. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , wherein the isolation resistors are coupled to the legs using curved resistor leads.
19. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 18 , wherein the curved resistor leads with connected isolation resistors form a substantially circular ring interconnecting the three distribution port legs substantially at the quarter wavelength position of the legs relative to the center hub.
20. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 19 , wherein the curved resistor leads and substantially circular ring provide enhanced isolation between the distribution ports.
21. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , wherein the oblong body is a tear-shaped body.
22. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , wherein the conductive connection is a via.
23. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , wherein the RF integrated circuit is a beamforming integrated circuit.
24. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , wherein the RF integrated circuit is a conditioning integrated circuit.
25. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , wherein the RF integrated circuit is an interface integrated circuit.
26. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , further comprising:
first RF circuitry;
second RF circuitry; and
third RF circuitry, wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry is coupled to a distinct one of the three distribution legs, and wherein at least one of:
a common signal from the common port leg is distributed via the power divider to the first, second, and third RF circuitry; or
signals from the first, second, and third RF circuitry are combined by the power divider to form a common signal provided to the common port leg.
27. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 26 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry comprises beamforming circuitry.
28. An RF integrated circuit according to claim 17 , further comprising:
RF common circuitry coupled to the common port leg.
29. A phased array system comprising:
first RF circuitry;
second RF circuitry;
third RF circuitry;
a three-way Wilkinson power divider comprising:
a distribution port layer and a common port layer separated by at least one intermediate material layer including at least one insulating material layer;
the distribution port layer formed of a first conductive material and including exactly three distribution legs connected to and arranged symmetrically around a center hub in a pinwheel arrangement with isolation resistors connected to the legs substantially at a predetermined quarter wavelength position of the legs relative to the center hub and with the isolation resistors positioned substantially midway between each pair of adjacent distribution legs; and
the common port layer formed of a second conductive material and including a common port leg having an oblong body that electrically connects to the center hub of the distribution port layer by a conductive connection through the at least one intermediate material layer, wherein the oblong body of the common port leg is configured for matching to the three distribution legs and wherein the power divider exhibits isolated and balanced operation at millimeter wave frequencies,
wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry is coupled to a distinct one of the three distribution legs, and wherein at least one of:
a common signal from the common port leg is distributed via the power divider to the first, second, and third RF circuitry; or
signals from the first, second, and third RF circuitry are combined by the power divider to form a common signal provided to the common port leg.
30. A phased array system according to claim 29 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry comprises beamforming circuitry.
31. A phased array system according to claim 29 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry includes an RF integrated circuit.
32. A phased array system according to claim 29 , wherein each of the first, second, and third RF circuitry is coupled to at least one RF element.
33. A phased array system according to claim 29 , further comprising:
RF common circuitry coupled to the common port leg.