Ultrasonic mass fuel flow meter
The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, a method of sensing that includes activating a first emitter to emit at least one incident wave, transmitting the incident wave along a buffer rod having a first axial end abutted to the first emitter and a second axial end opposite the first axial end, reflecting a first echo of the incident wave by a gap defined along a portion of the buffer rod, detecting the first echo, determining a first amplitude of the first echo, reflecting a second echo of the incident wave by the second axial end, detecting the second echo, determining a second amplitude of the second echo, and determining a reflection coefficient based on the first amplitude and the second amplitude.
1. A method of sensing, comprising:
activating a first emitter to emit at least one incident wave;
transmitting the incident wave along a buffer rod having a first axial end of the buffer rod abutted to the first emitter and a second axial end of the buffer rod opposite the first axial end of the buffer rod;
reflecting a first echo of the incident wave by a gap defined along a portion of the buffer rod;
detecting the first echo;
determining a first amplitude of the first echo;
reflecting a second echo of the incident wave by the second axial end of the buffer rod;
detecting the second echo;
determining a second amplitude of the second echo; and
determining a reflection coefficient based on the first amplitude and the second amplitude.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a fluid acoustic impedance of a fluid at the second axial end of the buffer rod based on the determined reflection coefficient and a predetermined buffer rod acoustic impedance.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
transmitting, at the second axial end of the buffer rod, a portion of the incident wave through the fluid to a second receiver arranged a predetermined distance away from and opposite the first emitter, wherein the fluid is within a tubular fluid conduit having a predetermined cross-sectional area, a first sensor comprises the first emitter and a first receiver, and a second sensor comprises a second emitter and the second receiver;
detecting, by the second receiver, the portion of the incident wave;
determining, based on the detected portion of the incident wave, a first time of flight of the portion of the incident wave;
transmitting, by the second emitter, another incident wave through the fluid to the first receiver;
detecting, by the first receiver, the other incident wave; and
determining, based on the detected other incident wave, a second time of flight of the other incident wave.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising determining at least one of a velocity of the fluid within the tubular fluid conduit or a speed of sound within the fluid based on the first time of flight, the second time of flight, and the predetermined distance.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising determining a mass fluid flow rate based on the predetermined cross-sectional area, and the determined speed of sound.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein reflecting the second echo of the incident wave by the second axial end of the buffer rod further comprises reflecting the second echo by a ¼ λ matching layer affixed to the second axial end of the buffer rod.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first emitter is a piezo element.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a piezo element comprises the first emitter.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
providing a sensor comprising:
a sensor housing having an interior surface defining a sensor axis and an axial interior sensor housing cavity comprising:
a first axial sensor housing portion having a first cross-sectional area perpendicular to the sensor axis;
a second axial sensor housing portion arranged adjacent to the first axial sensor housing portion along the sensor axis and having a second cross-sectional area larger than the first cross-sectional area perpendicular to the sensor axis; and
a face extending from the interior surface of the first axial sensor housing portion to the interior surface of the second axial sensor housing portion;
wherein the buffer rod further comprises:
a first axial buffer portion arranged within the first axial sensor housing portion and comprising the first axial end of the buffer rod;
a second axial buffer portion arranged within the second axial sensor housing portion and abutting the face, and comprising the second axial end of the buffer rod; and
a third axial buffer portion, extending axially between the first axial buffer portion and the second axial buffer portion, and having a third cross-sectional area, smaller than the first cross-sectional area, perpendicular to the sensor axis; and
an acoustic transceiver element acoustically mated to the first axial end of the buffer rod providing a fluid at second axial end of the buffer rod; and
blocking, by the buffer rod and the sensor housing, fluid flow from the second axial end of the buffer rod to the acoustic transceiver element.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein fluid flow from the second axial end of the buffer rod to the acoustic transceiver element is blocked by the sensor housing and the second axial buffer portion.
11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
applying fluid pressure against the second axial end of the buffer rod to produce an axial force against the buffer rod;
transmitting, by the buffer rod, the axial force to the sensor housing; and
preventing, by the sensor housing, transmission of the axial force to the acoustic transceiver element.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising transmitting, by the second axial buffer portion, the axial force to the face, wherein the face interferes with axial movement of the buffer rod toward the acoustic transceiver element.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the buffer rod further comprises:
a first axial buffer portion comprising the first axial end of the buffer rod having a first cross-sectional area perpendicular to a sensor axis;
a second axial buffer portion comprising the second axial end of the buffer rod; and
a third axial buffer portion, extending axially between the first axial buffer portion and the second axial buffer portion, and having a third cross-sectional area, smaller than the first cross-sectional area, perpendicular to the sensor axis,
wherein the gap is defined between the first axial buffer portion and the second axial buffer portion.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein a sensor comprises:
a sensor housing having an interior surface defining a sensor axis and an axial interior sensor housing cavity comprising:
a first axial sensor housing portion having a first cross-sectional housing area perpendicular to the sensor axis, wherein the first axial buffer portion is arranged within the first axial sensor housing portion;
a second axial sensor housing portion arranged adjacent to the first axial sensor housing portion along the sensor axis and having a second cross-sectional housing area larger than the first cross-sectional housing area perpendicular to the sensor axis, wherein the second axial buffer portion is arranged within the second axial sensor housing portion; and
a face extending from the interior surface of the first axial sensor housing portion to the interior surface of the second axial housing portion, wherein the second axial buffer portion abuts the face;
the buffer rod, wherein the gap is defined between the interior surface and the third axial buffer portion; and
an acoustic transceiver element acoustically mated to the first axial end of the buffer rod.