Grafted polysulfone membranes
A polysulfone membrane is modified so that monomers are wafted onto the surface of the membrane. The polysulfone membranes can be grafted by contacting the membrane with a grafting solution and exposing the membrane to electromagnetic radiation, typically within the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. The monomers that are grafted are typically anionic or cationic. The grafted membranes can be used for filtering impurities, such as positively and negatively charged particles, from a liquid. Anionic membranes provide improved filtration of negatively charged impurities, while cationic membranes provide improved filtration of positively charged impurities.
1. A method of making a grafted polysulfone membrane, comprising:
a) contacting the polysulfone membrane with an alcohol solution comprising benzophenone;
b) contacting the polysulfone membrane with an aqueous exchange solution;
c) contacting the polysulfone membrane with an aqueous grafting solution comprising:
i) an anionic or cationic monomer;
ii) sodium sulfate; and
iii) sodium persulfate; and
d) exposing the polysulfone membrane to electromagnetic radiation, thereby resulting in a grafted polysulfone membrane.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anionic monomer is one or more of 2-ethylacrylic acid, acrylic acid, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt, 2-propyl acrylic acid, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt, mono-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl maleate, and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 3-methacrylamido phenyl boronic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, and vinyl phosphonic acid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anionic monomer is vinylsulfonic acid or vinylsulfonic acid sodium salt.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cationic monomer is one or more of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl hydrochloride acrylate, [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride, N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylate hydrochloride, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate hydrochloride, [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride solution, [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trim ethyl ammonium chloride, acrylamidopropyl trim ethyl ammonium chloride, 2-aminoethyl methacrylamide hydrochloride, N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride, N-(3-aminopropyl)-methacrylamide hydrochloride, diallyldimethylammonium chloride, allylamine hydrochloride, vinyl imidazolium hydrochloride, vinyl pyridinium hydrochloride, and vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cationic monomer is diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alcohol solution comprises isopropyl alcohol.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous exchange solution comprises a chaotropic salt.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the chaotropic salt is sodium sulfate.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous exchange solution comprises sodium persulfate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution comprises one or more of sodium sulfate and sodium persulfate.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alcohol solution comprises isopropyl alcohol, and wherein the aqueous exchange solution comprises sodium sulfate and sodium persulfate.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength between about 200 nm and about 600 nm.