Electrolyte additive for controlling morphology and optics of reversible metal films
Dynamic windows with adjustable tint give users greater control over flow of light and heat. Reversible metal electrodeposition dynamic windows include (i) a transparent or translucent conductive electrode; (ii) an electrolyte solution in contact with the electrode, the electrolyte solution comprising metal cations that are reversibly electrodeposited onto the transparent electrode upon application of a cathodic potential; and (iii) a counter electrode. The electrolyte solution advantageously includes a small amount of an additive (e.g., an inhibitor, an accelerator, a leveler, or an organic or inorganic molecule that similarly serves to enhance the surface morphology of the metal cations during reversible metal electrodeposition onto the transparent electrode). Such enhancement of surface morphology during the reversible electrodeposition of the metal tinting layer over the electrode enhances one or more of color neutrality, transmittance characteristics of visible wavelengths (e.g., ability to achieve a near 0% transmission privacy state), infrared reflectance, or switching speed.
1. An electrochromic dynamic window article capable of reversible metal electrodeposition, comprising:
a transparent or translucent conductive electrode;
an electrolyte in contact with the transparent or translucent conductive electrode, the electrolyte comprising metal cations that can be reversibly electrodeposited onto the transparent or translucent conductive electrode; and
a counter electrode;
wherein the electrolyte comprises an additive configured to enhance a surface morphology of deposited metal cations during reversible metal electrodeposition, so as to enhance one or more of color neutrality, transmittance of visible wavelengths, infrared reflectance, or switching speed of the dynamic window;
wherein at least one of (i) or (ii):
(i) the additive reduces an RMS surface roughness of a reversibly deposited metal layer onto the transparent electrode to a value that is less than 30 nm;
(ii) the dynamic window is configured to achieve a high infrared reflectance of wavelengths in a range of 700 nm to 1200 nm that is at least 30%.
2. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte additive is a polymer.
3. The article as recited in claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte polymer additive comprises at least one of a polyol, an amine-based polymer, or a cellulose derivative.
4. The article as recited in claim 3 , wherein the electrolyte polymer additive comprises at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or hydroxyethyl cellulose.
5. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte additive comprises a polyol.
6. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte additive comprises polyvinyl alcohol.
7. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte additive is present in the electrolyte in an amount of up to 10% by weight.
8. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte additive is present in the electrolyte in an amount from 0.01% to 1% by weight.
9. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte additive comprises an inhibitor as used in electroplating, an accelerator as used in electroplating, a leveler as used in electroplating, or an organic or inorganic molecule that similarly serves to enhance the surface morphology of a deposited film formed from the metal cations during reversible metal electrodeposition onto the transparent electrode.
10. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the additive reduces an RMS surface roughness of a reversibly deposited metal layer onto the transparent electrode to a value that is less than 25 nm, less than 20 nm, less than 15 nm, less than 10 nm, or less than 5 nm.
11. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve a near zero transmissivity to provide a privacy state, where transmission of visible light wavelengths after full tinting is 1% or less, 0.1% or less, 0.01% or less, or 0.001% or less.
12. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve a high infrared reflectance of wavelengths in a range of 700 nm to 1200 nm that is at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, or at least 70%.
13. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve color neutral characteristics with a chroma (C*) of less than 10, less than 8, or less than 5, over an operative VLT range of the dynamic window.
14. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve color neutral characteristics with |a*| or |b*| values of less than 5, over an operative VLT range of the dynamic window.
15. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal cations comprise copper.
16. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is an aqueous electrolyte solution.
17. The article as recited in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises an anion selected for its ability to achieve at least one of (i) maintain solubility of components in the electrolyte or (ii) minimize or prevent etching of the transparent or translucent conductive electrode.
18. The article as recited in claim 17 , wherein the anion comprises perchlorate.
19. An electrochromic dynamic window article capable of reversible metal electrodeposition, comprising:
a transparent or translucent conductive electrode;
an electrolyte solution in contact with the transparent or translucent conductive electrode, the electrolyte solution comprising metal cations that can be reversibly electrodeposited onto the transparent or translucent conductive electrode upon application of a cathodic potential; and
a counter electrode;
wherein the electrolyte solution further comprises an additive that is an inhibitor, an accelerator, a leveler, or an organic or inorganic molecule that similarly serves to enhance a surface morphology of the metal cations during reversible metal electrodeposition onto the transparent electrode;
wherein the additive reduces an RMS surface roughness of a reversibly deposited metal layer onto the transparent electrode to a value that is less than 30 nm.
20. The article as recited in claim 19 , wherein the electrolyte additive comprises at least one of a polyol, an amine-based polymer, or a cellulose derivative.
21. The article as recited in claim 19 , wherein the additive reduces an RMS surface roughness of a reversibly deposited metal layer onto the transparent electrode to a value that is less than 25 nm, less than 20 nm, less than 15 nm, less than 10 nm, or less than 5 nm.
22. The article as recited in claim 19 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve a near zero transmissivity to provide a privacy state, where transmission of visible light wavelengths after full tinting is 1% or less, 0.1% or less, 0.01% or less, or 0.001% or less.
23. The article as recited in claim 19 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve a high infrared reflectance of wavelengths in a range of 700 nm to 1200 nm that is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, or at least 70%.
24. The article as recited in claim 19 , wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve color neutral characteristics with a chroma (C*) of less than 10, less than 8, or less than 5, over an operative VLT range of the dynamic window.
25. An electrochromic dynamic window article capable of reversible metal electrodeposition, comprising:
a transparent or translucent conductive electrode;
an electrolyte in contact with the transparent or translucent conductive electrode, the electrolyte comprising metal cations that can be reversibly electrodeposited onto the transparent or translucent conductive electrode; and
a counter electrode;
wherein the electrolyte comprises an additive configured to enhance a surface morphology of deposited metal cations during reversible metal electrodeposition, so as to enhance one or more of color neutrality, transmittance of visible wavelengths, infrared reflectance, or switching speed of the dynamic window;
where at least one of (i) or (ii):
(i) wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve color neutral characteristics with a chroma (C*) of less than 10;
(ii) wherein the dynamic window is configured to achieve color neutral characteristics with |a*| or |b*| values of less than 5, over an operative VLT range of the dynamic window.