Carbon-titania nanocomposite thin films and applications of the same

1. A dye sensitized solar cell, comprising:

a counter-electrode comprising carbon-titania nanocomposite thin films that are made by:

forming a carbon-based ink, wherein the carbon-based ink comprises a concentrated solvent-exfoliated graphene (SEG) ink;

forming a titania solution containing titanium dioxide (TiO 2 );

blade-coating a mechanical mixture of the concentrated SEG ink and the titania solution onto a substrate; and

annealing the blade-coated substrate at a first temperature for a first period of time to obtain the SEG-TiO nanocomposite thin films,

wherein the SEG-TiO 2 nanocomposite thin films comprise a homogenous structure and a porous network of SEG nanoplatelets decorated with TiO 2 particles, wherein the SEG nanoplatelets and the TiO 2 particles are non-covalently bonded to each other in the SEG-TiO 2 nanocomposite thin films, and wherein the SEG-TiO 2 nanocomposite thin films comprises 0.25-2.15 weight % of the SEG; and

wherein the SEG nanoplatelets are characterized with a first intensity ratio of a peak intensity at a D-band at about 1350 cm −1 to a peak intensity at a G-band at about 1590 cm −1 of a Raman spectrum of the SEG nanoplatelets, which is a measure of a relative concentration of sp 3 hybridized defects compared to sp 2 hybridized graphene domains, wherein the first intensity ratio has an average value of 0.17.

2. The dye sensitized solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is about 350-450° C., and the first period of time is about 20-45 minutes.

3. The dye sensitized solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the concentrated SEG ink comprises:

adding natural graphite to an ethyl-cellulose (EC)-ethanol solution to form a second graphite solution;

sonicating the second graphite solution at a second frequency for a fourth period of time;

centrifuging the sonicated second graphite solution for a fifth period of time at a second rotation speed to obtain a SEG supernatant; and

disposing the SEG supernatant in terpineol to perform solvent exchange and to form the concentrated SEG ink.

4. The dye sensitized solar cell of claim 3 , wherein the fourth period of time is about 2.5-3.5 hours, the first frequency is about 30-50 kHz, the fifth period of time is about 3-6 hours, and the second rotation speed is about 6000-9000 rpm.

5. The dye sensitized solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the titania solution comprises a titania nanosheet (TiNS) ink.

6. The dye sensitized solar cell of claim 5 , wherein the forming of the TiNS ink comprises:

mixing a third amount of titanium butoxide with a fourth amount of hydrofluoric acid for a seventh period of time to form a mixed solution;

heating the mixed solution at a second temperature for an eighth period of time under hydrothermal conditions; and

rinsing the heated mixed solution to obtain the TiNS ink.

7. The dye sensitized solar cell of claim 6 , wherein the third amount is about 15-25 ml, the fourth amount is about 2.5-3.2 ml, the seventh period of time is about 20-45 minutes, the second temperature is about 175-225° C., and the eighth period of time is about 20-28 hours.

8. The SEG-TiO 2 nanocomposite thin film of claim 1 , wherein a second intensity ratio of a peak intensity at a D-band at about 1350 cm −1 to a peak intensity at a G-band at about 1590 cm −1 of a Raman spectrum of the SEG-TiO 2 nanocomposite thin film is less than 1.