Brazing methods using porous interlayers and related articles
The disclosure relates to a brazing method for joining substrates, in particular where one of the substrates is difficult to wet with molten braze material. The method includes formation of a porous metal layer on a first substrate to assist wetting of the first substrate with a molten braze metal, which in turn permits joining of the first substrate with a second substrate via a braze metal later in an assembled brazed joint. Ceramic substrates can be particularly difficult to wet with molten braze metals, and the disclosed method can be used to join a ceramic substrate to another substrate. The brazed joint can be incorporated into a solid-oxide fuel cell, for example as a stack component thereof, in particular when the first substrate is a ceramic substrate and the joined substrate is a metallic substrate.
1. A brazed joint comprising:
(a) a first substrate;
(b) a bulk second metal layer adjacent to the first substrate, the bulk second metal layer comprising a first metal and the second metal, the first metal being at a lower concentration than the second metal in the bulk second metal layer;
(c) a diffusion layer adjacent to the bulk second metal layer, the diffusion layer comprising the first metal and at least one component of a second substrate adjacent to the diffusion layer; and
(d) a second substrate adjacent to the diffusion layer.
2. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein:
the bulk second metal layer has a first metal concentration of 20 wt. % or less; and
the diffusion layer has a first metal concentration of at least 10 wt. % and greater than the first metal concentration of the bulk second metal layer.
3. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the bulk second metal layer has a second metal concentration ranging from 70 wt. % to 99 wt. %.
4. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the bulk second metal layer is substantially free from discrete first metal particles having a size greater than 1 μm.
5. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the diffusion layer is substantially free from first metal particles.
6. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the diffusion layer comprises the second metal at a concentration ranging from 1 wt. % to 30 wt. %.
7. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein:
the first substrate comprises a ceramic material, and
the second substrate comprises a metal material.
8. The brazed joint of claim 7 , wherein the component of the second substrate in the diffusion layer comprises a metallic component of the metal material at a concentration ranging from 5 wt. % to 80 wt. %.
9. A method of assembling a solid-oxide fuel cell, the method comprising:
(a) providing the brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the first substrate comprises a ceramic material, and the second substrate comprises a metal material; and
(b) incorporating the brazed joint into a solid-oxide fuel cell as a stack component thereof.
10. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the second metal has a lower melting point than that of the first metal.
11. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the melting point of the second metal is lower than the melting point of the first metal by at least 300° C.
12. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the melting point of the second metal is lower than the melting point of the first metal by 300° C. to 700° C.
13. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the melting point of the second metal is lower than the melting point of the first metal by 700° C. to 1000° C.
14. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein:
the first metal comprises at least one of nickel, aluminum, cobalt, iron, copper, and combinations thereof; and
the second metal comprises at least one of silver, aluminum, tin, bismuth, nickel, copper, gold, cobalt, and combinations thereof.
15. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the second metal comprises silver.
16. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the first substrate comprises a ceramic material selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, tungsten carbide, and combinations thereof.
17. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the first substrate and the second substrate each comprise a metal material.
18. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the first substrate and the second substrate each comprise a different metal material.
19. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the first substrate and the second substrate each comprise at least one of a stainless steel alloy and a nickel-based high temperature alloy.
20. The brazed joint of claim 1 , wherein the first substrate and the second substrate each comprise a different stainless steel alloy.