Systems and methods for estimating concrete strength using surface wave speed
The present disclosure provides systems and methods for estimating the strength of a concrete foundation. The disclosed systems and methods can be used to estimate compressive strength of below-grade concrete without excavation. A method of estimating compressive strength may include determining compressive strength measurements corresponding to surface wave speeds for a plurality of concrete test specimens, determining a speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation, and estimating compressive strength of the concrete foundation based on the compressive strength measurements and corresponding surface wave speeds for the plurality of concrete test specimens and the speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation.
1 . A method for estimating compressive strength of a concrete foundation, the method comprising:
determining compressive strength measurements corresponding to surface wave speeds for a plurality of concrete test specimens;
determining a speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation based on a plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds, wherein the plurality of peak-to-peak waves speeds is based on sensor data received from a first accelerometer and sensor data received from a second accelerometer, wherein the first accelerometer and the second accelerometer are positioned in a spaced relationship relative to each other and the concrete foundation, wherein the sensor data results from a plurality of test events, wherein each test event comprises surface waves on the concrete foundation triggering the first and second accelerometers; and
estimating compressive strength of the concrete foundation based on the compressive strength measurements and corresponding surface wave speeds for the plurality of concrete test specimens and the speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor data from the first accelerometer and the sensor data from the second accelerometer are subjected to one or more quality checks.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more quality checks comprises determining that an amplitude in the sensor data does not exceed a predetermined threshold.
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more quality checks comprises determining that amplitudes in the sensor data do not fluctuate less than a predetermined threshold.
5 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more quality checks comprises determining that the sensor data does not contain amplitude fluctuations greater than a predetermined threshold for a period of time preceding the arrival of surface waves at the accelerometers.
6 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more quality checks comprises determining that the sensor data does not contain amplitude fluctuations greater than a predetermined threshold for a period of time after the fluctuations associated with the surface waves.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein determining a speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation comprises:
receiving sensor data from a first accelerometer and sensor data from a second accelerometer, wherein the first accelerometer and the second accelerometer are in a spaced relationship relative to each other and the concrete foundation, wherein the sensor data results from surface waves on the concrete foundation triggering the first and second accelerometers;
from the sensor data received from the first accelerometer, determining a first accelerometer maximum peak and a first accelerometer minimum peak;
from the sensor data received from the second accelerometer, determining a second accelerometer maximum peak and a second accelerometer minimum peak;
determining a max-to-max wave speed based on the first accelerometer maximum peak and the second accelerometer maximum peak;
determining a min-to-min wave speed based on the first accelerometer minimum peak and the second accelerometer minimum peak; and
determining the speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation based on the max-to-max wave speed and the min-to-min wave speed.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein determining the speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation based on the max-to-max wave speed and the min-to-min wave speed comprises:
determining that the max-to-max wave speed is within an expected range of surface wave speeds in the concrete foundation;
determining that the min-to-min wave speed is within an expected range of surface wave speeds in the concrete foundation; and
averaging the max-to-max wave speed and the min-to-min wave speed.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein determining a speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation comprises:
receiving sensor data from a first accelerometer and sensor data from a second accelerometer, wherein the first accelerometer and the second accelerometer are in a spaced relationship relative to each other and the concrete foundation, wherein the sensor data results from a plurality of test events, wherein each test event comprises surface waves on the concrete foundation triggering the first and second accelerometers;
from the sensor data, determining a plurality of max-to-max wave speeds and a plurality of min-to-min wave speeds;
calculating an average max-to-max wave speed based on the plurality of max-to-max wave speeds;
calculating an average min-to-min wave speed based on the plurality of min-to-min wave speeds; and
calculating an average of the average max-to-max wave speed and the average min-to-min wave speed.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein calculating an average max-to-max wave speed based on the plurality of max-to-max wave speeds comprises:
identifying clusters of max-to-max wave speeds from the plurality of max-to-max wave speeds that fall within a threshold range of other max-to-max wave speeds;
selecting the cluster having the most max-to-max wave speeds;
determining that the selected cluster contains more than a threshold number of max-to-max wave speeds; and
averaging the max-to-max wave speeds for the selected cluster.
11 . The method of claim 9 , wherein calculating an average min-to-min wave speed based on the plurality of min-to-min wave speeds comprises:
identifying clusters of min-to-min wave speeds from the plurality of min-to-min wave speeds that fall within a threshold range of other min-to-min wave speeds;
selecting the cluster having the most min-to-min wave speeds;
determining that the selected cluster contains more than a threshold number of min-to-min wave speeds; and
averaging the min-to-min wave speeds for the selected cluster.
12 . The method of claim 1 further comprising using machine learning to estimate compressive strength of the concrete foundation,
wherein the machine learning receives, as training data, the compressive strength measurements and corresponding surface wave speeds for the plurality of concrete test specimens, and
wherein the machine learning further receives, as input, the speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein using machine learning comprises fitting one or more regression models to the training data and one or more hyperparameters associated with the training data.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the one or more regression models includes one or more linear, non-linear, or ensemble models.
15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein using machine learning comprises:
fitting a plurality of regression models to the training data and one or more hyperparameters associated with the training data; and
selecting the regression model having the lowest mean absolute error.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the selected regression model is used to estimate compressive strength of the concrete foundation.
17 . A method for estimating compressive strength of a concrete foundation, the method comprising:
correlating compressive strength measurements for a plurality of concrete test specimens with surface wave speeds in the concrete test specimens;
applying regression analysis to the compressive strength measurements and surface wave speeds for the plurality of concrete specimens to express compressive strength as a function of surface wave speed;
determining a speed of surface waves for the concrete foundation based on a plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds, wherein the plurality of peak-to-peak waves speeds is based on sensor data received from a first accelerometer and sensor data received from a second accelerometer, wherein the first accelerometer and the second accelerometer are positioned in a spaced relationship relative to each other and the concrete foundation, wherein the sensor data results from a plurality of test events, wherein each test event comprises surface waves on the concrete foundation triggering the first and second accelerometers; and
determining an estimate of compressive strength of the concrete foundation by substituting the determined speed of surface waves for the concrete foundation into the function.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the function is a fourth order polynomial having the form of y=Ax 4 +Bx 3 +Cx 2 +Dx+k, where y is compressive strength, A, B, C, D, and k are constants, and x is surface wave speed.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein determining a speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation based on a plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds further comprises calculating an average peak-to-peak wave speed.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein calculating an average peak-to-peak wave speed comprises:
identifying clusters of peak-to-peak wave speeds from the plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds that fall within a threshold range of other peak-to-peak wave speeds;
selecting the cluster having the most peak-to-peak wave speeds; and
averaging the peak-to-peak wave speeds for the selected cluster.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein:
the plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises a plurality of max-to-max wave speeds, the clusters of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises clusters of max-to-max waves speeds, and the average peak-to-peak wave speed comprises an average max-to-max wave speed.
22 . The method of claim 20 , wherein:
the plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises a plurality of min-to-min wave speeds, the clusters of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises clusters of min-to-min waves speeds, and the average peak-to-peak wave speed comprises an average min-to-min wave speed.
23 . The method of claim 17 , wherein determining a speed of surface waves in the concrete foundation based on a plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds further comprises calculating an average peak-to-peak wave speed.
24 . The method of claim 23 , wherein calculating an average peak-to-peak wave speed comprises:
identifying clusters of peak-to-peak wave speeds from the plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds that fall within a threshold range of other peak-to-peak wave speeds;
selecting the cluster having the most peak-to-peak wave speeds; and
averaging the peak-to-peak wave speeds for the selected cluster.
25 . The method of claim 24 , wherein:
the plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises a plurality of max-to-max wave speeds, the clusters of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises clusters of max-to-max waves speeds, and the average peak-to-peak wave speed comprises an average max-to-max wave speed.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein:
the plurality of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises a plurality of min-to-min wave speeds, the clusters of peak-to-peak wave speeds comprises clusters of min-to-min waves speeds, and the average peak-to-peak wave speed comprises an average min-to-min wave speed.