Plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor

1. A plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor, comprising:

a channel comprising an organic semiconductor;

a gate comprising:

a plasmonic gate electrode comprising an ensemble of nanoparticles including localized plasmonic material configured to generate an electromagnetic field which resonates with another electromagnetic field of incident electromagnetic radiation and/or an array of nanostructures including the localized plasmonic material; and

an analyte formed at least one of: (a) over: the ensemble of nanoparticles and/or the array of nanostructures and (b) around the ensemble of nanoparticles and/or the array of nanostructures;

wherein an electrolyte is configured to be formed at least one of: between the channel and the plasmonic gate electrode and over the channel and the plasmonic gate electrode;

a source electrode electrically connected to a first end of the channel; and

a drain electrode electrically connected to a second end of the channel which is opposite the first end.

2. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , further comprising a catalyst formed at least one of: over the ensemble of nanoparticles and/or the array of nanostructures and around the ensemble of nanoparticles and/or the array of nanostructures.

3. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 2 , wherein the analyte is formed over the catalyst.

4. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 2 , wherein the catalyst comprises glucose oxidase and the analyte comprises glucose.

5. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is formed at least one of: between the analyte and the channel and over the analyte and the channel.

6. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the array of nanostructures comprises an array of nanoholes.

7. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the incident electromagnetic radiation is configured to generate hot electrons and heat nanoparticles of the ensemble of nanoparticles and/or nanostructures of the array of nanostructures.

8. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the incident electromagnetic radiation comprises an optical signal.

9. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the organic semiconductor comprises a semiconducting polymer.

10. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the localized plasmonic material comprises at least one of a conductor, a transition metal nitride, and a quasi-metal.

11. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the array of nanostructures comprises at least one of: a nanodot, a nanohole, a nanofiber, a nanotube, and a nanopillar.

12. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is further configured to be formed at least one of: between the channel and the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles, and over the channel and the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles.

13. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , further comprising the electrolyte.

14. The plasmonic organic electrochemical transistor of claim 1 , further comprising:

a substrate;

wherein the electrolyte, the plasmonic gate electrode, the organic semiconductor, the source electrode, and the drain electrode are formed over the substrate.

15. A method of fabricating a transistor, the method comprising:

forming, over a substrate, a plasmonic gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode of the transistor, wherein the plasmonic gate electrode comprises an array of nanostructures including localized plasmonic material configured to generate an electromagnetic field which resonates with another electromagnetic field of incident radiation and/or an ensemble of nanoparticles including the localized plasmonic material;

forming, over the substrate, an organic semiconductor;

forming an electrolyte at least one of: between the organic semiconductor and the plasmonic gate electrode and over the organic semiconductor and the plasmonic gate electrode; and

forming, at least one of: (a) over the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles and (b) around the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles, an analyte.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising forming a catalyst at least one of: (a) over the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles and (b) around the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles;

wherein the electrolyte is formed over the catalyst.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein forming the plasmonic gate electrode comprising the array of nanostructures and/or the ensemble of nanoparticles comprises:

forming a mask comprising with openings which define each nanostructure forming the array of nanostructures; and

depositing, through the openings in the mask and over the substrate, the localized plasmonic material.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein forming the organic semiconductor comprises forming the organic semiconductor adjacent to the drain and the source electrodes.