Lithium extraction with porous ion exchange beads

1. A method of extracting lithium from a liquid resource, comprising:

i.) contacting a porous ion exchange bead with a first acid solution to produce a protonated porous ion exchange bead;

ii.) contacting the protonated porous ion exchange bead with a liquid resource to produce a lithiated porous ion exchange bead; and

iii.) treating the lithiated porous ion exchange bead with the first acid solution or a second acid solution to produce a salt solution comprising lithium ions, wherein the porous ion exchange bead comprises ion exchange material, wherein the ion exchange material is selected from coated ion exchange particles, uncoated ion exchange particles, and combinations thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid resource is a natural brine, a dissolved salt flat, seawater, concentrated seawater, a desalination effluent, a concentrated brine, a processed brine, waste brine from a bromine-extraction process, an oilfield brine, a liquid from an ion exchange process, a liquid from a solvent extraction process, a synthetic brine, a leachate from an ore or combination of ores, a leachate from a mineral or combination of minerals, a leachate from a clay or combination of clays, a leachate from recycled products, a leachate from recycled materials, or combinations thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid solution comprises hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, or combinations thereof.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the acid solution comprises hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or combinations thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous ion exchange beads have an average diameter of less than 20 mm.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the coated ion exchange particles or uncoated ion exchange particles have an average diameter of less than 100,000 nm.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising flushing the porous ion exchange bead, the protonated porous ion exchange bead, or the lithiated porous ion exchange bead with water.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is conducted in a column or a stirred tank reactor.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method is conducted in a stirred tank reactor.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method is conducted in a column.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is conducted in a plurality of vessels that are in fluid communication with each other.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous ion exchange beads perform the ion exchange reaction repeatedly over 10 cycles.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous ion exchange beads perform the ion exchange reaction repeatedly over 1,000 cycles.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt solution comprising lithium ions has a concentration of lithium cations of less than 10 M.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coated ion exchange particles comprise a coating material.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the coating material comprises a carbide, a nitride, an oxide, a phosphate, a fluoride, a polymer, carbon, a carbonaceous material, or combinations thereof.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the coating material is selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MoO 2 , SnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , SiO 2 , Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 MoO 3 , LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , A 1 PO 4 , LaPO 4 , ZrP 2 O 7 , MoP 2 O 7 , Mo 2 P 3 O 12 , BaSO 4 , A 1 F 3 , SiC, TiC, ZrC, Si 3 N 4 , ZrN, BN, carbon, graphitic carbon, amorphous carbon, hard carbon, diamond-like carbon, solid solutions thereof, and combinations thereof.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the coating material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, types of polyamide, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyvinylidene difluoride, poly (4-vinyl pyridine-co-styrene), polystyrene, polybutadiene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene dichloride, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene polymer, poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), ethylene chlorotrifluoro ethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, perfluorinated elastomer, chlorotrifluoroethylenevinylidene fluoride, perfluoropolyether, perfluorosulfonic acid, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, sodium polyacrylate, polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol), polyacrylonitrile, polychloroprene (neoprene), polyvinyl butyral, expanded polystyrene, polydivinylbenzene, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange material comprises an oxide, a phosphate, an oxyfluoride, a fluorophosphate, or combinations thereof.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange material is selected from the group consisting of Li 4 Mn 5 O 12 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Li 2 TiO 3 , Li 2 MnO 3 , Li 2 SnO 3 , LiMn 2 O 4 , Li 1.6 Mn 1.6 O 4 , LiAlO 2 , LiCuO 2 , LiTiO 2 , Li 4 TiO 4 , Li 7 Ti 11 O 24 , Li 3 VO 4 , Li 2 Si 3 O 7 , LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , Li 2 CuP 2 O 7 , and LiCl.xAl(OH) 3 .yH 2 O, solid solutions thereof, and combinations thereof; wherein x is from 0.1-10; and y is from 0.1-10.