FUEL CELL CATALYST COATED MEMBRANE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
Methods of making catalyst-coated membranes are provided. Application of a first catalyst ink to first side of a proton-exchange membrane forms a first electrode coating thereon. Removal of a backing from the proton-exchange membrane exposes a second side of the proton-exchange membrane permitting application of a second catalyst ink to the exposed second side of the proton-exchange membrane to form a second electrode coating thereon. The cathode catalyst ink includes a cathode catalyst, a cathode ionomer, and a cathode solvent. The anode catalyst ink includes anode particles dispersed in an inert, fluorinated, and nonpolar solvent. The anode particles include an anode catalyst, a water electrolysis catalyst, and an anode ionomer.
1 . A method of making a catalyst-coated membrane, comprising:
applying a first catalyst ink to a first side of a proton-exchange membrane to form a first electrode coating thereon, where a second side of the proton-exchange membrane has a backing applied thereto;
removing the backing to expose the second side of the proton-exchange membrane; and
applying a second catalyst ink to the exposed second side of the proton-exchange membrane to form a second electrode coating thereon.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst ink is a cathode catalyst ink comprising:
a cathode catalyst including a member selected from a group consisting of a noble metal, a noble metal alloy, and combinations thereof;
a cathode ionomer; and
a cathode solvent.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the cathode catalyst is supported on carbon particles;
the cathode ionomer includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer; and
the cathode solvent includes a member selected from a group consisting of: water, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tent-butanol, and combinations thereof.
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the second catalyst ink is an anode catalyst ink comprising:
a fluorinated solvent; and
anode particles including:
an anode catalyst including a member selected from a group consisting of: a noble metal, a noble metal alloy, and combinations thereof;
an anode ionomer; and
a water electrolysis catalyst.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the anode particles are made by a method comprising:
forming a mixture of the anode catalyst, the water electrolysis catalyst, the anode ionomer, and an anode solvent;
drying the mixture; and
comminuting the dried mixture to form the anode particles.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein:
the anode catalyst is supported on carbon particles;
the anode ionomer includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer; and
the water electrolysis catalyst includes a member selected from a group consisting of: ruthenium oxide, ruthenium iridium oxide, iridium ruthenium oxide, ruthenium oxide supported on zirconium oxide, ruthenium oxide supported on niobium oxide, iridium oxide supported on zirconium oxide, iridium oxide supported on niobium oxide, and combinations thereof.
7 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the anode solvent includes a member selected from a group consisting of: water, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tent-butanol, and combinations thereof.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the proton-exchange membrane includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer; and
the backing includes a member selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and combinations thereof.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst ink is an anode catalyst ink comprising:
an anode catalyst including a member selected from a group consisting of a noble metal, a noble metal alloy, and combinations thereof;
an anode ionomer;
a water electrolysis catalyst; and
an anode solvent.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein:
the anode catalyst is supported on carbon particles;
the anode ionomer includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer;
the water electrolysis catalyst includes a member selected from a group consisting of: ruthenium oxide, ruthenium iridium oxide, iridium ruthenium oxide, ruthenium oxide supported on zirconium oxide, ruthenium oxide supported on niobium oxide, iridium oxide supported on zirconium oxide, iridium oxide supported on niobium oxide, and combinations thereof; and
the anode solvent includes a member selected from a group consisting of: water, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tent-butanol, and combinations thereof.
11 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the second catalyst ink is a cathode catalyst ink comprising:
a fluorinated solvent; and
cathode particles including:
a cathode catalyst including a member selected from a group consisting of: a noble metal, a noble metal alloy, and combinations thereof; and
a cathode ionomer.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the cathode particles are made by a method comprising:
forming a mixture of the cathode catalyst, the cathode ionomer, and a cathode solvent;
drying the mixture; and
comminuting the dried mixture to form the cathode particles.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein
the cathode catalyst is supported on carbon particles;
the cathode ionomer includes a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer; and
the cathode solvent includes a member selected from a group consisting of: water, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tent-butanol, and combinations thereof.
14 . A method of making a catalyst-coated membrane, comprising:
applying a cathode catalyst ink to a first side of a proton-exchange membrane to form a cathode coating thereon, the cathode catalyst ink including: a cathode catalyst including a noble metal, a noble metal alloy, or a noble metal and a noble metal alloy; a cathode ionomer; and a cathode solvent; and
applying an anode catalyst ink to a second side of the proton-exchange membrane to form an anode coating thereon, the anode catalyst ink including: an anode catalyst including a noble metal, a noble metal alloy, or a noble metal and a noble metal alloy; a water electrolysis catalyst; an anode ionomer; and an anode solvent.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the cathode catalyst ink is a product of a process comprising:
dry blending a powder mixture including the cathode catalyst, the cathode ionomer, and a polyether to form a blended cathode mixture; and
forming a slurry of the blended cathode mixture with the cathode solvent, thereby providing the cathode catalyst ink.
16 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising comminuting the blended cathode mixture prior to forming the slurry of the blended cathode mixture with the cathode solvent.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the polyether includes a polyalkylene oxide formed using an alkylene oxide selected from a group consisting of: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and combinations thereof.
18 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the anode catalyst ink is a product of a process comprising:
dry blending a powder mixture including the anode catalyst, the anode ionomer, the water electrolysis catalyst, and a polyether to form a blended anode mixture; and
forming a slurry of the blended anode mixture with the anode solvent, thereby providing the anode catalyst ink.
19 . The method of claim 18 , further comprising comminuting the blended anode mixture prior to forming the slurry of the blended anode mixture with the anode solvent.
20 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the polyether includes a polyalkylene oxide formed using an alkylene oxide selected from a group consisting of: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and combinations thereof.