Composite cathode active material, method of preparing the same, cathode including the same, and secondary battery including the composite cathode active material
A composite cathode active material represented by Li x (Co 1−w M1 w ) y PO 4 (Formula 1) having an olivine structure, wherein a unit-cell volume of the composite cathode active material is in a range of about 283 Å 3 to about 284.6 Å 3 . A cathode including the composite cathode active material, and a secondary battery including the composite cathode active material are also disclosed. In Formula 1, M1 includes i) at least one of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, or Zn, and optionally at least one of Fe or Ni, and 0.9≤x≤1.1, 0.9≤y≤1.1, and 0<w≤0.3.
1. A composite cathode active material represented by at least one of LiCo 0.9 Ti 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Ti 0.2 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Ti 0.3 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 V 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 V 0.2 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 V 0.3 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Zn 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Zn 0.2 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Zn 0.3 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Cu 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Cu 0.2 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Cu 0.3 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Sc 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Sc 0.2 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Sc 0.3 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Zn 0.05 Ni 0.05 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Zn 0.1 Ni 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Zn 0.15 Ni 0.15 PO 4 ,
LiCo 0.9 Zn 0.05 V 0.05 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Zn 0.1 V 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Zn 0.15 V 0.15 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Ni 0.05 V 0.05 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Ni 0.1 V 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Ni 0.15 V 0.15 PO 4 , LiCo 0.9 Ti 0.05 Zn 0.05 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Ti 0.1 Zn 0.1 PO 4 , LiCo 0.7 Ti 0.15 Zn 0.15 PO 4 ,
LiCo 0.9 Ti 0.05 V 0.05 PO 4 , LiCo 0.8 Ti 0.1 V 0.1 PO 4 , or LiCo 0.7 Ti 0.15 V 0.15 PO 4 .
2. The composite cathode active material of claim 1 ,
wherein the composite cathode active material has a crystal structure that belongs to an orthorhombic crystal system.
3. The composite cathode active material of claim 1 ,
wherein the composite cathode active material has a crystal structure that belongs to a Pnma space group.
4. The composite cathode active material of claim 1 ,
wherein an average discharge voltage of the composite cathode active material is about 4.4 volts to about 5.6 volts versus Li/Li + .
5. The composite cathode active material of claim 1 ,
wherein a specific capacity of the composite cathode active material at room temperature is about 50 milliampere hours per gram to about 170 milliampere hours per gram.
6. The composite cathode active material of claim 1 ,
wherein a band gap of the composite cathode active material is in a range of about 0.01 electronvolt to about 2.2 electronvolts, and
wherein an antisite defect formation energy is in a range of about −20 electronvolts to about 3 electronvolts.
7. The composite cathode active material of claim 1 ,
further comprising a carbonaceous coating layer disposed on a surface of the composite cathode active material.
8. A cathode comprising:
a cathode current collector; and
a cathode active material layer on a surface of the cathode current collector, the cathode active material layer comprising the composite cathode active material of claim 1 .
9. A secondary battery comprising:
a cathode;
an anode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the cathode and the anode,
wherein the cathode comprises the composite cathode active material of claim 1 .
10. The secondary battery of claim 9 ,
wherein the secondary battery is a multi-layer-ceramic battery comprising:
a plurality of cathode layers, at least one of the plurality of the cathode layers comprising the composite cathode active material;
a plurality of anode layers alternatively disposed between the plurality of cathode layers; and
a plurality of solid electrolyte layers alternatively disposed between and separating cathode layers and anode layers of the plurality of cathode layers and the plurality of anode layers.
11. The secondary battery of claim 10 ,
wherein a solid electrolyte in the solid electrolyte layers is an oxide solid electrolyte, and one of the plurality of anode layers comprise at least one anode active material of a lithium phosphate, lithium oxide, or a metal oxide.
12. A method of preparing a composite cathode active material, the method comprising:
mixing a M1 precursor, a lithium precursor, a cobalt precursor, and a phosphorus precursor to prepare a precursor mixture,
wherein M1 is at least one of Sc, Ti, V, Cu, Ni, or Zn; and
heat-treating the precursor mixture to form a composite cathode active material of claim 1 .
13. The method of claim 12 ,
wherein the heat-treating the precursor mixture comprises heat-treating in an oxidizing atmosphere or an inert atmosphere at a temperature in a range of about 600° C. to about 900° C.
14. A method of manufacturing a battery, the method comprising:
providing a cathode layer, a solid electrolyte, and an anode layer;
disposing the solid electrolyte layer between the cathode layer and the anode layer to prepare an assembly; and
pressing the assembly thus manufacturing the battery,
wherein the cathode layer comprises the composite cathode active material of claim 1 .