Lithium extraction composite for recovery of lithium from brines, and process of using said composition
A lithium extraction composite comprising: (i) a porous support and (ii) particles of a lithium-selective sorbent material coated on at least one surface of the support, wherein the support has a planar membrane, fiber (or rod), or tubular shape. A method for extracting and recovering a lithium salt from an aqueous solution by use of the above-described composition is also described, the method comprising (a) flowing the aqueous source solution through a first zone or over a first surface of the lithium extraction composite to result in selective lithium intercalation in the lithium-selective sorbent material in the first zone or first surface; and (b) simultaneously recovering lithium salt extracted in step (a) from said lithium-selective sorbent material by flowing an aqueous stripping solution through a second zone or over a second surface of the lithium extraction composite in which lithium ions from the first zone or first surface diffuse.
1 . An apparatus for selective recovery of a lithium salt from an aqueous source solution containing said lithium salt, the apparatus comprising a lithium extraction composite and one or more pumps in fluid communication with the lithium extraction composite, wherein said lithium extraction composite comprises: (i) a porous support and (ii) particles of a lithium-selective sorbent material coated on at least one surface of the support, wherein said support has a porous planar membrane, porous fiber, or porous tubular shape;
wherein said lithium-selective sorbent material is a framework structure comprising LiX and M (OH) z units, wherein X is at least one anionic species selected from halide, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, and bicarbonate; M is at least one oxophilic transition metal atom, and/or at least one oxophilic main group metal atom selected from aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, and tin; and z is independently 2, 3, or 4, depending on the metal atom M; provided that, if M is exclusively aluminum, then the framework structure further includes M′(OH) z units, either in the same framework structure comprising LiX and M(OH) z units or in a separate framework structure comprising LiX and M′(OH) z units, wherein M′ is at least one oxophilic transition metal atom and/or at least one oxophilic main group metal atom selected from gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, and tin.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said lithium extraction composite includes at least one fluid path to accommodate flow of an aqueous source solution and/or stripping solution.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , the apparatus comprising:
a membrane extraction unit comprising a first fluid path, a second fluid path, and a lithium extraction membrane interposed between the first fluid path and the second fluid path, wherein the unit permits transport of lithium between the first fluid path and the second fluid path, wherein said lithium extraction membrane comprises (i) a membrane support and (ii) particles of a lithium-selective sorbent material coated on at least one surface of the membrane support;
a first pump in fluid communication with the first fluid path and positioned to induce a first flow of the lithium containing brine along the first fluid path; and
a second pump in fluid communication with the second fluid path and positioned to induce a second flow of the stripping solution along the second fluid path.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said support is a polymer that has a melting point of at least 80° C.
5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said support has a melting point of at least 100° C.
6 . The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein said polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polybenzimidazole, ionomers, polysiloxanes, vinyl-addition polymers, polyurethanes, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyethyleneimine (PEI), and copolymers, mixtures, and composites thereof.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said support has an inorganic composition.
8 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein said inorganic support has a metal oxide, metal carbide, metal nitride, or metal boride composition.
9 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein said inorganic support has an elemental carbon composition.
10 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said lithium-selective sorbent material is selected from spinel-type lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides (NCMs), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxides (NCAs), lithium manganese oxides (LMOs), and spinel-type lithium titanium oxides (LTOs).
11 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said at least one anionic species X is selected from halide atoms.
12 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said framework structure is represented by the following chemical formula:
LiX:M1 x-y M2 y (OH) 3 ·nH 2 O (1)
wherein X is at least one anionic species selected from halide, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, and bicarbonate; M1 is at least one oxophilic main group metal atom selected from aluminum, gallium, and indium; and M2 is at least one oxophilic transition metal atom, and/or at least one oxophilic main group metal atom selected from aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, and tin, provided that M1 and M2 are different; x is at least 1 and up to 1.5; y is at least 0.1x and less than x; n is ≤4, and the species Li, X, M1, and M2 in Formula (1) are within a framework structure.
13 . An apparatus for selective recovery of a lithium salt from an aqueous source solution containing said lithium salt, the apparatus comprising a lithium extraction composite and one or more pumps in fluid communication with the lithium extraction composite, wherein said lithium extraction composite comprises: (i) a porous support and (ii) particles of a lithium-selective sorbent material coated on at least one surface of the support, wherein said support has a porous planar membrane, porous fiber, or porous tubular shape; and
wherein said lithium-selective sorbent material has a framework structure represented by the following chemical formula:
LiX:M1 x-y M2 y (OH) 3 ·nH 2 O (1)
wherein X is at least one anionic species selected from halide, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, and bicarbonate; M1 is at least one oxophilic main group metal atom selected from aluminum, gallium, and indium; and M2 is at least one oxophilic transition metal atom, and/or at least one oxophilic main group metal atom selected from aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, and tin, provided that M1 and M2 are different; x is at least 1 and up to 1.5; y is at least 0.1x and less than x; n is ≤4, and the species Li, X, M1, and M2 in Formula (1) are within a framework structure.