Fidelity estimation for quantum computing systems
Methods and apparatus for estimating the fidelity of quantum hardware. In one aspect, a method includes accessing a set of quantum gates; sampling a subset of quantum gates from the set of quantum gates, wherein the subset of quantum gates defines a quantum circuit; applying the quantum circuit to a quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system; calculating output information of the quantum system based on application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system; and estimating a fidelity of the quantum circuit based on the determined output information and the calculated output information of the quantum system.
1. An apparatus comprising:
quantum hardware comprising:
a quantum system comprising one or more qubits;
a universal set of quantum gates;
one or more measurement devices;
one or more classical processors in data communication with the quantum hardware;
wherein the quantum hardware and the one or more classical processors are configured to perform operations comprising:
randomly sampling a subset of quantum gates from the universal set of quantum gates, wherein the subset of quantum gates defines a quantum circuit;
repeatedly applying, by the quantum hardware, the quantum circuit to the quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system;
simulating, by the one or more classical processors, application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system to determine expected statistics of the quantum system; and
estimating, by the one or more classical processors, a fidelity of the quantum circuit based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more qubits are superconducting qubits.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more qubits form a one dimensional array.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more qubits form a two dimensional array.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more qubits are subject to nearest neighbor interactions.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
repeatedly applying the quantum circuit to the quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system comprises performing a plurality runs of the quantum circuit on the quantum system to obtain a sequence of bit strings, {x 1 . . . x m }, in a computational basis; and
wherein simulating application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system to determine expected statistics of the quantum system comprises calculating a probability, p(x i ), of each possible bit string that may be measured by quantum hardware.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein estimating a fidelity of the quantum circuit based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system comprises determining a statistical aggregate using the sequence of bit strings and corresponding probabilities of each bit sting in the sequence of bit strings occurring.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the statistical aggregate, c, is given by:
c
=
1
m
∑
j
=
1
m
ln
(
p
(
x
j
)
)
and wherein the fidelity of the quantum circuit, α, is estimated using α=c+ln(N)+γ, where γ is the Euler constant and N is a dimension of a Hilbert space containing a calculated quantum state of the quantum system based on application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the universal set of quantum gates comprises single qubit quantum gates and two qubit quantum gates.
10. An apparatus comprising:
quantum hardware configured to perform continuous Hamiltonian evolution;
one or more classical processors in data communication with the quantum hardware;
wherein the quantum hardware and the one or more classical processors are configured to perform operations comprising:
selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution;
performing the selected continuous Hamiltonian evolution of a quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system;
calculating output information comprising expected statistics of the quantum system based on performing a classical simulation of the selected continuous Hamiltonian evolution on the quantum system; and
estimating a fidelity of the quantum hardware based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein estimating a fidelity of the quantum hardware based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system comprises fitting the determined output information of the quantum system to the expected statistics of the quantum system.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein fitting the determined output information of the quantum system to the expected statistics of the quantum system to estimate the fidelity of the quantum hardware comprises:
defining a convex combination of the expected statistics of the quantum system and a totally mixed quantum state;
estimating the fidelity of the quantum hardware by comparing the defined convex combination with the determined output information of the quantum hardware.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the convex combination ρ is given by
ρ
=
α
❘
"\[LeftBracketingBar]"
ψ
〉
〈
ψ
❘
"\[RightBracketingBar]"
+
(
1
-
α
)
𝕀
N
wherein α represents the fidelity of the quantum hardware, |ψ represents a quantum state of the quantum system based on performing the continuous Hamiltonian evolution on the quantum system, and /N represents the totally mixed quantum state.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the quantum hardware is configured to perform one or more different continuous Hamiltonian evolutions on one or more interacting qubits, and
wherein each qubit interaction has an associated respective fidelity, and
wherein selected particular continuous Hamiltonian evolutions comprise interactions of comparable fidelity.
15. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution comprises randomly selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution.
16. A method comprising:
randomly sampling, by a classical processor, a subset of quantum gates from a universal set of quantum gates, wherein the subset of quantum gates defines a quantum circuit;
repeatedly applying, by quantum hardware, the quantum circuit to a quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system;
simulating, by the classical processor, application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system to determine expected statistics of the quantum system; and
estimating, by the classical processor, a fidelity of the quantum circuit based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein:
repeatedly applying the quantum circuit to the quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system comprises performing a plurality runs of the quantum circuit on the quantum system to obtain a sequence of bit strings, {x 1 . . . x m }, in a computational basis; and
wherein simulating application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system to determine expected statistics of the quantum system comprises calculating a probability, p(x i ), of each possible bit string that may be measured by quantum hardware.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein estimating a fidelity of the quantum circuit based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system comprises determining a statistical aggregate using the sequence of bit strings and corresponding probabilities of each bit sting in the sequence of bit strings occurring.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the statistical aggregate, c, is given by:
c
=
1
m
∑
j
=
1
m
ln
(
p
(
x
j
)
)
and wherein the fidelity of the quantum circuit, α, is estimated using α=c+ln(N)+γ, where γ is the Euler constant and N is a dimension of a Hilbert space containing a calculated quantum state of the quantum system based on application of the quantum circuit to the quantum system.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the universal set of quantum gates comprises single qubit quantum gates and two qubit quantum gates.
21. A method for estimating quantum hardware fidelity, comprising:
accessing quantum hardware, wherein the quantum hardware is configured to perform one or more different continuous Hamiltonian evolutions;
selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution;
performing the selected continuous Hamiltonian evolution of a quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system;
calculating output information comprising expected statistics of the quantum system based on performing a classical simulation of the selected continuous Hamiltonian evolution on the quantum system; and
estimating a fidelity of the quantum hardware based on the determined output information and the expected statistics of the quantum system.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein estimating a fidelity of the quantum hardware based on the determined output information and the calculated output information of the quantum system comprises fitting the determined output information of the quantum system to the calculated output information of the quantum system.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein fitting the determined output information of the quantum system to the calculated output information of the quantum system to estimate the fidelity of the quantum hardware comprises:
defining a convex combination of the calculated output information of the quantum system and a totally mixed quantum state;
estimating the fidelity of the quantum hardware by comparing the defined convex combination with the determined output information of the quantum hardware.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the convex combination ρ is given by
ρ
=
α
❘
"\[LeftBracketingBar]"
ψ
〉
〈
ψ
❘
"\[RightBracketingBar]"
+
(
1
-
α
)
𝕀
N
wherein α represents the fidelity of the quantum hardware, |ψ> represents a calculated quantum state of the quantum system based on performing the continuous Hamiltonian evolution on the quantum system, and /N represents the totally mixed quantum state.
25. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
repeatedly selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution until completion of an event;
for each selected continuous Hamiltonian evolution:
performing the continuous Hamiltonian evolution of a quantum system and performing measurements on the quantum system to determine output information of the quantum system;
calculating output information of the quantum system based on performing the continuous Hamiltonian evolution on the quantum system; and
estimating a fidelity of the quantum hardware based on the determined output information and the calculated output information of the quantum system.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the completion of the event occurs when an uncertainty of an estimated fidelity is below a predetermined threshold.
27. The method of claim 21 , wherein the quantum hardware is configured to perform one or more different continuous Hamiltonian evolutions on one or more interacting qubits, and
wherein each qubit interaction has an associated respective fidelity, and
wherein selected particular continuous Hamiltonian evolutions comprise interactions of comparable fidelity.
28. The method of claim 21 , wherein selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution comprises randomly selecting a particular continuous Hamiltonian evolution.