Hybrid electric hydrogen fuel cell engine
A hybrid engine including features to meet aircraft thrust, passenger airflow, and fuel cell requirements. The engine includes a combustor burning the same fuel as the fuel cell. The engine has electric motors to utilize the power output of the fuel cell. The engine shafts have sprags to allow motors to drive the compressors and over run the turbines. The engine has variable flowpath geometry to bypass the combustor.
1. An aircraft propulsion system comprising:
a first compressor;
a second compressor coupled to the first compressor to receive a first compressed air outputted from the first compressor and compress the first compressed air into a second compressed air;
a combustor positioned downstream of the second compressor to receive the second compressed air outputted from the second compressor, the combustor outputting a first exhaust gas formed from a fuel burned with the second compressed air;
a turbine positioned downstream of the combustor to receive the first exhaust gas;
a shaft connected to the turbine and the first compressor, the shaft transferring power from the turbine, driven by the first exhaust gas, to the first compressor forming the first compressed air;
a high pressure (HP) electric motor connected to the second compressor via a high pressure (HP) shaft, when the second compressor is dis-engaged from the shaft via a clutch,
wherein the HP shaft is concentric about the shaft and positioned entirely upstream of the combustor; and
a fuel cell connected to the HP electric motor, the fuel cell configured to react the second compressed air with the fuel to generate HP electric power used to power the HP electric motor driving the second compressor to form the second compressed air when the second compressor is dis-engaged from the shaft via the clutch.
2. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a generator connected to the shaft to generate electric power from the power transferred from the turbine; and
a circuit transmitting the electric power from the generator to the HP electric motor to power the HP electric motor driving the second compressor.
3. An aircraft propulsion system comprising:
a first compressor;
a second compressor coupled to the first compressor to receive a first compressed air outputted from the first compressor and compress the first compressed air into a second compressed air;
a combustor positioned downstream of the second compressor to receive the second compressed air outputted from the second compressor, the combustor outputting a first exhaust gas formed from a fuel burned with the second compressed air;
a turbine positioned downstream of the combustor to receive the first exhaust gas;
a shaft connected to the turbine and the first compressor, the shaft transferring power from the turbine, driven by the first exhaust gas, to the first compressor forming the first compressed air;
a high pressure (HP) electric motor connected to the second compressor via a high pressure (HP) shaft, wherein the HP shaft is concentric about the shaft and positioned entirely upstream of the combustor;
a fuel cell connected to the HP electric motor, the fuel cell configured to react the second compressed air with the fuel to generate HP electric power used to power the HP electric motor driving the second compressor to form the second compressed air;
a nacelle;
a duct between a core and the nacelle, the core comprising the second compressor, the combustor, and the turbine;
a fan coupled to the first compressor and the duct to draw:
a first portion of air into the duct to generate a second exhaust outputted from the duct, the second exhaust providing a thrust for an aircraft propelled using the aircraft propulsion system, and
a second portion of the air into the first compressor, wherein the first compressor compresses the second portion of the air to form the first compressed air inputted to the second compressor meeting the second compressor to the shaft in a first configuration when the turbine second compressor via the shaft; and
a clutch:
connecting the second compressor to the shaft in a first configuration when the turbine drives the second compressor via the shaft; and
dis-engaging the shaft from the second compressor in a second configuration.
4. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 3 , further comprising:
a low pressure (LP) electric motor;
a first low pressure (LP) shaft connected to the fan and the first compressor;
the shaft comprising a second low pressure (LP) shaft;
an LP clutch connected to the second LP shaft and the first LP shaft; and
the first configuration further comprising the combustor burning the fuel to form the first exhaust gas and the LP clutch connecting the first LP shaft to the second LP shaft so that the first LP shaft and the second LP shaft transfer the power from the turbine, driven by the first exhaust gas, to the first compressor and the fan; and
the second configuration comprising the fuel cell reacting the fuel with the second compressed air, the LP clutch disengaging the first LP shaft from the second LP shaft, and the LP electric motor driving the fan and the first compressor via the first LP shaft.
5. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 4 , further comprising:
one or more circuits; and
a computer system instructing:
activation of the second configuration during a cruise of the aircraft, the second configuration further comprising the one or more circuits electrically connecting the LP electric motor to the fuel cell and the fuel cell powering the LP electric motor via the one or more circuits, and
activation of the first configuration during a take-off of the aircraft.
6. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
the clutch comprising an LP-HP clutch:
connecting the second compressor in the first configuration to the shaft during a take-off of an aircraft propelled using the aircraft propulsion system; and
dis-engaging the shaft from the second compressor in the second configuration during a cruise of the aircraft.
7. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 6 , further comprising a gearing connected to the second compressor to adjust a torque output of the turbine transferred to the second compressor.
8. An aircraft propulsion system,
comprising:
a first compressor,
a second compressor coupled to the first compressor to receive a first compressed air outputted from the first compressor and compress the first compressed air into a second compressed air;
a combustor positioned downstream of the second compressor to receive the second compressed air outputted from the second compressor, the combustor outputting a first exhaust gas formed from a fuel burned with the second compressed air;
a turbine positioned downstream of the combustor to receive the first exhaust gas;
a shaft connected to the turbine and the first compressor, the shaft transferring power from the turbine, driven by the first exhaust gas, to the first compressor forming the first compressed air;
an HP electric motor connected to the second compressor; and
a fuel cell connected to the HP electric motor, the fuel cell configured to react the second compressed air with the fuel to generate HP electric power used to power the HP electric motor driving the second compressor via the second shaft to form the second compressed air; and
one or more clutches:
dis-engaging at least one of the first compressor or the second compressor from the shaft in a first configuration, the first configuration further comprising:
the fuel cell reacting the fuel with the second compressed air to generate the HP electric power powering the HP electric motor driving the second compressor, and
the combustor not outputting an amount of the first exhaust gas sufficient to generate thrust propelling an aircraft coupled to the aircraft propulsion system;
coupling at least one of the first compressor or the second compressor to the shaft in a second configuration further comprising:
the combustor burning the fuel with the second compressed air to generate the first exhaust gas driving the turbine and
the turbine driving the second compressor via the shaft.
9. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 8 , wherein each of the clutches comprise a sprag clutch.
10. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 9 , further comprising:
a diverter regulating flow of the second compressed air outputted from the second compressor into the combustor or the fuel cell.
11. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 10 , wherein:
the diverter comprises a valve connected to at least one of the second compressor or the combustor,
the valve is open in the first configuration allowing output of the second compressed air to the combustor, and
the valve is closed in the second configuration blocking flow of the second compressed air to the combustor.
12. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 11 , wherein the valve comprises a sleeve valve or a combustor inlet valve.
13. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 10 , further comprising a nozzle directing the first exhaust gas to produce the thrust propelling the aircraft, wherein:
the nozzle includes a variable core nozzle,
the diverter comprises the variable core nozzle or a variable turbine nozzle,
the diverter is open in the first configuration to allow flow of the first exhaust gas out of the nozzle to produce the thrust, and
the diverter is closed in the second configuration to divert the flow of the second compressed air to the fuel cell.
14. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 10 , wherein the diverter is positioned:
in the second compressor, or
downstream of the second compressor and upstream of the combustor.
15. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 10 , wherein the diverter comprises an adjustable vane in, or coupled to, the second compressor, the adjustable vane:
in the second configuration, diverting flow of the second compressed air to the fuel cell and blocking flow of the second compressed air downstream to the combustor, and
in the first configuration, allowing flow of the second compressed air downstream to the combustor.
16. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 10 , further comprising:
a nacelle;
a fan coupled to a core comprising the second compressor, the combustor, the turbine, and an HP turbine downstream of the combustor;
a duct between the core and the nacelle;
an LP electric motor connected to the fuel cell;
a plurality of drive shafts including a first LP shaft, the shaft comprising a second LP shaft, a first HP shaft, and a second HP shaft;
the clutches including an LP clutch and an HP clutch;
the first configuration further comprising:
the LP clutch coupling the first LP shaft and the second LP shaft,
the turbine comprising an LP turbine, driven by the first exhaust gas, driving the first compressor and the fan via the first LP shaft and the second LP shaft,
the HP clutch coupling the first HP shaft and the second HP shaft, and the HP turbine, driven by the first exhaust gas in the first configuration, driving the second compressor via the first HP shaft and the second HP shaft; and
the second configuration further comprising:
the LP clutch dis-engaging the first LP shaft and the second LP shaft and the fuel cell powering the LP electric motor to drive the fan so that the fan draws:
a first portion of air into the duct to generate a second exhaust outputted from the duct, the second exhaust providing the thrust to the aircraft propelled using the aircraft propulsion system, and
a second portion of the air into the first compressor so as to form the first compressed air,
the HP clutch disengaging the first HP shaft from the second HP shaft, and the fuel cell powering the HP electric motor to drive the second compressor via the first HP shaft.
17. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 16 , further comprising:
a computer instructing:
activation of the first configuration during at least one of a take-off or climb of the aircraft; and activation of the second configuration during at least one of a cruise, taxiing, descent, or landing of the aircraft.
18. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 16 , wherein:
the fan comprises a plurality of first blades and the second compressor comprises a plurality of second blades,
a computer controls a first angular velocity of the plurality of first blades to generate the second exhaust needed for the thrust during cruise of the aircraft, and
the computer controls a second angular velocity of the second blades so as to provide sufficient flow and pressure of the second compressed air to the fuel cell needed to generate the HP electric power consumed by the HP motor and the LP electric motor during the cruise of the aircraft powered using the second exhaust.
19. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 9 , further comprising:
an engine bleed air system coupled to the second compressor,
the second configuration further comprising the engine bleed air system conveying the second compressed air from the second compressor to the fuel cell, or
an aircraft system coupled to the engine bleed air system and the engine bleed air system conveying a first portion of the second compressed air to the fuel cell and a second portion of the second compressed air to the aircraft system for pressurizing a cabin in the aircraft.
20. The aircraft propulsion system of claim 19 , further comprising the engine bleed air system:
coupled to at least one of the second compressor or the first compressor so as to obtain engine bleed air comprising at least a portion of the second compressed air or the first compressed air,
coupled to at least one of:
a low temperature heat exchanger configured to cool at least a portion of the engine bleed air to one or more temperatures suitable for aircraft use; or
a fuel heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the engine bleed air to the fuel comprising liquid hydrogen, so that the heat boils the liquid hydrogen into a gas suitable for burning in the combustor or reaction in the fuel cell to generate the HP electric power.