Methods of recovering active materials from rechargeable batteries, and related apparatuses
A method of recovering active materials from a rechargeable battery comprises placing an active material of a rechargeable battery in a cathode chamber comprising a cathode of an electrochemical cell comprising the cathode chamber, an anode chamber comprising an anode, and a membrane separating the cathode chamber from the anode chamber, contacting the active material in the cathode chamber with an electrolyte comprising an acid, ferric ions, and ferrous ions, and dissolving at least one of lithium and cobalt from the active material into the electrolyte. Related apparatuses for recovering metals from active materials of rechargeable batteries are also disclosed.
1. A method of recovering active materials from a rechargeable battery, the method comprising:
placing an active material of a rechargeable battery in a cathode chamber comprising a cathode of an electrochemical cell comprising the cathode chamber, an anode chamber comprising an anode, and a membrane separating the cathode chamber from the anode chamber;
contacting the active material in the cathode chamber with an electrolyte comprising an acid, ferric ions, and ferrous ions;
applying a potential between the anode and the cathode; and
dissolving at least one of lithium and cobalt from the active material into the electrolyte.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising reducing ferric ions to ferrous ions at the cathode.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the active material in the cathode chamber with an electrolyte comprising an acid, ferric ions, and ferrous ions comprises contacting a lithium-ion battery material with an electrolyte having a concentration within a range from about 0.005 M to about 0.10 M.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing an active material of a rechargeable battery in a cathode chamber comprising a cathode of an electrochemical cell comprises placing the active material in an electrochemical cell comprising the anode chamber separated from the cathode chamber by a bipolar membrane.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising generating water and electrons from hydroxide ions in the anode chamber.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the active material in the cathode chamber with an electrolyte comprising an acid, ferric ions, and ferrous ions comprises contacting the active material with an electrolyte comprising sulfuric acid.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein contacting the active material with an electrolyte comprising sulfuric acid comprises contacting the active material with sulfuric acid having a concentration within a range of from about 0.5 M to about 5.0 M.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying a potential between the anode and the cathode comprises applying a potential within a range from about 1.0 V to about 5.0 V between the anode and the cathode.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein dissolving at least one of lithium and cobalt from the active material into the electrolyte comprises dissolving lithium and cobalt from the active material into the electrolyte.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein dissolving at least one of lithium and cobalt from the active material into the electrolyte further comprises dissolving at least one of manganese and nickel into the electrolyte.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising separating at least one of nickel and lithium from at least one of manganese and cobalt.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein separating at least one of nickel and lithium from at least one of manganese and cobalt comprises contacting the electrolyte with an organic solvent to absorb the at least one of manganese and cobalt in the organic solvent.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising one of:
contacting the electrolyte with a nickel separation agent to form a nickel-containing material and separate the nickel from the lithium; or
passing the electrolyte through an ion exchange resin formulated and configured to selectively adsorb at least one of nickel, manganese, or cobalt from the electrolyte.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising recycling the electrolyte to the electrochemical cell after removing substantially all of the at least one of lithium and cobalt from the electrolyte.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the active material in the cathode chamber with an electrolyte comprising an acid, ferric ions, and ferrous ions comprises contacting the active material with an electrolyte comprising at least one organic acid.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising forming, in a vessel, the at least one organic acid with an organism comprising one or more of Gluconobacter oxydans, Aspergillus niger , and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising providing the at least one organic acid from the vessel to the electrochemical cell.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein forming, in a vessel, the at least one organic acid comprises forming gluconic acid in the vessel.
19. An apparatus for recovering metals from active materials of rechargeable batteries, the apparatus comprising:
an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, a membrane between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising:
an acid;
ferric ions;
ferrous ions; and
an active material of a rechargeable battery; and
a system for recovering at least one of lithium and cobalt from the electrolyte in operable communication with the electrochemical cell.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the acid comprises gluconic acid, the apparatus further comprising a vessel including bacteria that metabolically generates the gluconic acid.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the vessel is in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell.