Sensor elements having metallic nanostructures and uses thereof
A sensor element comprises a metallic nanostructure formed at edges of at least two microelectrodes on a non-electrically conductive substrate. The nanostructure is formed by depositing a solution comprising at least one metal salt and a stabilizing agent on the substrate at a detection site between the microelectrodes, and applying an AC electric field to the electrodes. The sensor elements may be used in sensing platforms such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and in electrical-based sensing such as electrochemical sensing.
1. A sensor element, comprising:
a non-electrically conductive substrate;
at least first and second microelectrodes, wherein at least the first microelectrode is disposed on the substrate and at least the second microelectrode is disposed in a spaced relationship from the first microelectrode;
a metallic nanostructure substantially without metallic nanoparticles assembled along edges of at least the first microelectrode;
wherein the non-electrically conductive substrate has a surface energy less than about 25 ergs/cm 2 and the metallic nanostructure is non-covalently adhered to the surface of the non-electrically conductive substrate and extends outwards from and along edges of at least the first microelectrode;
wherein the metallic nanostructure comprises at least one stabilizing agent that promotes electrochemical growth of the metallic nanostructure from at least one metal salt without covalent bonding to the metallic nanostructure.
2. The sensor element of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructure is substantially coplanar with the substrate.
3. The sensor element of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metal salt comprises silver, gold, copper, platinum, aluminum, gallium, indium, rhodium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium, or a combination of one or more thereof.
4. The sensor element of claim 1 , wherein the at least one stabilizing agent comprises citrate, succinate, trans-aconate, SDS, PVP, or a combination of one or more thereof.
5. The sensor element of claim 1 , wherein the at least first and second microelectrodes disposed in the spaced relationship form a detection site between opposing edges of the at least first and second microelectrodes.
6. The sensor element of claim 5 , wherein the metallic nanostructure is removably disposed on edges of at least the first microelectrode.
7. A sensor platform comprising the sensor element of claim 1 .
8. The sensor platform of claim 7 , wherein the sensor platform is selected from surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), in surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and electrical-based chemical, biochemical, and biological sensing.
9. A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy device, comprising the sensor element of claim 1 .
10. A method for analyzing a sample, comprising:
applying the sample to the metallic nanostructure of the sensor element of claim 1 ; and
using a technique selected from surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), or an electroanalytical technique selected from coulometry, amperometry, and voltammetry, to detect an analyte in the sample.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein an electric field is present during application of the sample.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein an analyte in the sample is concentrated at the detection site.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the sensor element comprises at least two metal microelectrodes disposed on or in close proximity to the substrate in a spaced relationship;
wherein the metallic nanostructure is formed between opposing edges of the at least two microelectrodes;
wherein the electric field is applied across the at least two electrodes.
14. A method for preparing a sensor element, comprising:
disposing at least first and second microelectrodes, wherein at least the first microelectrode is disposed on a non-electrically conductive substrate and at least the second microelectrode is disposed in a spaced relationship from the first microelectrode such that a detection site is formed between opposing edges of the at least first and second microelectrodes;
disposing a solution comprising at least one stabilizing agent and at least one metal salt on the substrate at the detection site;
wherein the substrate has a low surface energy that attracts metallic nanostructure growth by promoting interaction between the substrate and metallic nanostructure, including non-covalent adhesion and fractal and/or branched electrochemical growth of the metallic nanostructure on the low surface energy substrate outwards from and along edges of at least the first microelectrode substantially without metallic nanoparticles;
applying an AC electrical signal at a frequency of 100 Hz or lower to the at least two microelectrodes;
wherein the AC electrical signal creates an AC electric field that induces, directs, and/or influences the at least one metal salt to form the metallic nanostructure;
wherein a sensor element comprising the metallic nanostructure comprising the at least one stabilizing agent is prepared;
wherein the substrate surface energy is less than about 25 ergs/cm 2 .
15. The method of claim 14 , comprising modifying the surface of the substrate by exposing the surface to one or more agent that lowers the surface energy.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one metal salt comprises silver, gold, copper, platinum, aluminum, gallium, indium, rhodium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium, or a combination of one or more thereof.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one stabilizing agent comprises citrate, succinate, trans-aconate, SDS, PVP, or a combination of one or more thereof.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one metal salt comprises silver nitrate and the at least one stabilizing agent comprises citrate.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein a ratio of concentration of citrate to concentration of silver nitrate is from 0.5:1 to 6:1.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein a concentration of citrate is from 0.5 mM to 10 mM.
21. The method of claim 14 , wherein the AC electrical signal has a frequency in the range of 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.
22. The method of claim 14 , wherein the metallic nanostructure is substantially coplanar with the substrate.
23. The method of claim 14 , wherein the metallic nanostructure is removably disposed at edges of the at least first and second microelectrodes.
24. The method of claim 14 , comprising removing the at least first and second microelectrodes after the metallic nanostructure is formed.