Membranes, systems, and methods for concentrating liquor streams related to biomass pulping
Disclosed herein are membranes comprising: porous substrate; and two or more graphene oxide (GO) sheets disposed on the porous substrate, each GO layer comprising a plurality of GO flakes, each GO flake comprising a planar graphene structure with oxygen moieties extending therefrom, wherein the membrane, when a pressure from 10 bar to 50 bar of transmembrane pressure is applied from 1 hour to 48 hours, has an aqueous flux wherein the aqueous flux changes by 5% or less while the pressure is applied. The membranes can also include an intercalating agent disposed between the two or more GO sheets, the intercalating agent interacting with each GO sheet, wherein the intercalating agent provides a non-covalent stabilization of the two or more GO sheets. Also disclosed herein are methods of making and using the same and systems for implementing the same.
1. A method comprising:
forming a first suspension comprising water and two or more graphene oxide (GO) sheets;
mixing a base into the first suspension to form a second suspension;
dispersing an intercalating agent including a compound having π-conjugated polycyclic cations in the second suspension;
vacuum filtering the second suspension onto a porous membrane support to form a GO sheet layered membrane, the layers vertically separated one from another by interlayer spacing; and
conditioning the membrane under a transmembrane pressure of 10 bar or greater until an aqueous flux of the membrane changes by 5% or less;
wherein molecules of the method assembles a selective separation structure for the membrane providing dual directional transport modulation, in a vertical direction by the intercalating agent controlling interlayer swelling by interaction of molecules of the intercalating agent with one another and with the GO sheets through one or more of: π-π or electrostatic interaction; and in a lateral direction by creating tunable steric barriers in the layers that increase path tortuosity as well as narrow effective lateral spaces for transport.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
tuning solute rejection of the membrane within a region of intercalation selected from a group consisting of a region of predominantly monomer intercalating agent intercalation and a region of predominantly dimer intercalating agent intercalation;
wherein:
the conditioning comprises applying the transmembrane pressure via hydraulics or pneumatics; and
the intercalating agent has a mass ratio compared to GO of from 1:1 to 1:20.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
tuning solute rejection of the membrane within a region of intercalation selected from a group consisting of a region of predominantly monomer intercalating agent intercalation and a region of predominantly dimer intercalating agent intercalation;
wherein at least one of:
the GO has a concentration in the first suspension from 1 g/L to 50 g/L; or
the GO has a concentration in the second suspension from 1 g/L to 50 g/L.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the forming the first suspension comprises:
forming a GO paste;
centrifuging the GO paste to form a first bottom solids component;
washing the first bottom solids component;
centrifuging the first bottom solids component to form a second bottom solids component;
washing the second bottom solids component to form a GO material; and
suspending the GO material in water to form the first suspension.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the membrane support comprises poly(ethersulfone) and the base comprises an alkali material.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the membrane comprises approximately 9.1 wt. % of the intercalating agent; and
wherein the intercalating agent comprises polycyclic dye toluidine blue O (TBO).
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the intercalating agent has a mass ratio compared to GO of from 1:1 to 1:20; and
wherein the intercalating agent limits interlayer swelling of the membrane by strong attachment of the π-conjugated polycyclic cations to the GO sheets.
8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the conditioning comprises applying the transmembrane pressure from about 10 bar to about 50 bar.
9. The method of claim 3 , wherein the conditioning comprises applying the transmembrane pressure from about 10 bar to about 50 bar from 1 hour to 48 hours.
10. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
feeding a black liquor solution comprising 15% weight solids in water to the membrane under from about 10 bar to about 50 bar of transmembrane pressure;
wherein the solids comprise at least one solid selected from the group consisting of lignin and organic carbon; and
wherein the membrane has at least one of:
a lignin rejection of 98% or greater;
a total organic carbon rejection of 80% or greater; or
a total solids rejection of 50% or greater.