Oil residue protection in oil-encapsulated digital microfluidics
A technique for supplying droplet content of an oil-encapsulated (OE) digital microfluidic (DμF) network to a region that is sensitive to oil contact involves sealing off a boundary surrounding the sensitive region with a volume of liquid that is miscible with payload of the OE-droplets. The sensitive region may be an opening to a microfluidic channel, or a sensor surface. The sealing off may be provided by transporting an unencapsulated droplet over the OE-DμF chip, either from a reservoir prior to oil encapsulation of the reservoir, or from a non-oil encapsulated reservoir; or by injecting the liquid into the microfluidic channel. A suitable treatment of the boundary may anchor the liquid to the boundary, and prevent removal by ordinary OE-DμF operations. A remainder of the surfaces of unit cells the DμF chip may provide higher droplet contact angle.
1 . A process for supplying a payload of an oil-encapsulated (OE) droplet within a digital microfluidic (DμF) network to a spatial region (SR) that is desirably not brought into contact with oil, the process comprising:
a) providing a DμF network of:
i. at least 3 edge-connected unit cells, each unit cell having; a volume for containing a droplet of fluid of volume less than 0.1 mL; and an electrode for field-effect displacement of an OE droplet from a neighbouring unit cell; and
ii. a supply for the network adapted to discretize a substantially liquid content of a reservoir into OE droplets, by moving the OE droplets into one of the unit cells, by actuation of an electrode of the network;
where the SR lies entirely within the volume of a first of the unit cells, the SR surrounded by a boundary extending continuously around it;
b) delivering to the first unit cell sufficient oil-free fluid to cover and seal off the boundary, covering the SR, the fluid being miscible with the payload; and,
while the oil-free fluid seals the boundary,
c) delivering at least one OE droplet from the supply to the first unit cell via the network, and allowing the OE droplet to merge with the oil-free fluid to produce a merged droplet that is surrounded by oil up to, and not including the boundary;
whereby the SR is in contact with no part of the oil shell during the process.
2 . The process of claim 1 where the network's unit cells comprise at least 5 unit cells.
3 . The process of claim 1 where the supply of the network comprises the reservoir with an embedded electrode interfacing with a second of the unit cells, other than the first unit cell, for receiving the dispensed droplet.
4 . The process of claim 1 where the boundary area extends continuously over 2 adjacent walls bounding the first unit cell.
5 . The process of claim 1 where the boundary area extends continuously over a single wall bounding one side of the first unit cell.
6 . The process of claim 1 wherein providing the network comprises providing a parallel plate unit cell structure with a ground electrode and an array of charging electrodes, where each charging electrode: faces the ground electrode from an opposite side of the unit cell; and is independently addressable of the charging electrodes of each of the adjacent unit cells.
7 . The process of claim 1 wherein the SR comprises an opening to a microfluidic channel, and the boundary comprises a lip peripherally surrounding the opening.
8 . The process of claim 7 wherein delivering fluid to the first unit cell comprises back-flowing the fluid through the microfluidic channel to cover at least the boundary.
9 . The process of claim 1 wherein delivering fluid to the first unit cell comprises delivering at least one oil-free fluid droplet from the supply to the first unit cell via the network.
10 . The process of claim 9 wherein DμF operations for delivering the oil-free fluid are the same as those for delivering the OE droplet, and the process further comprises supplying oil to the content of the reservoir between b) and c).
11 . The process of claim 1 wherein the network further comprises a second supply adapted to discretize the oil-free fluid into droplets and move a droplet to one of the unit cells, and delivering the oil-free fluid to the first unit cell and the process further comprises delivering a discretized oil-free droplet from the one of the unit cells to the first unit cell via the network.
12 . The process of claim 1 wherein the SR comprises a surface of one of:
a sensor;
a reactive surface consisting of one of: a chemically reactive surface; a photochemically reactive surface; an electrochemically reactive surface; a thermochemically reactive surface;
a microelectromechanical system (MEMS); and
an acoustic, ultrasonic, infrasonic, optical, electromagnetic, electric or magnetic energy transfer surface.
13 . The process of claim 12 wherein the fluid comprises a calibration or reference sample particular to the sensor; treatment surface; or energy transfer surface.
14 . The process of claim 1 wherein the liquid content is aqueous.
15 . An oil-encapsulated (OE) digital microfluidic (DμF) network comprising:
a DμF space including at least 3 edge-connected unit cells, each unit cell having; a volume for containing a droplet of fluid of volume less than 0.1 mL; and an electrode for field-effect displacement of an OE droplet from a neighbouring unit cell;
a supply for the network adapted to discretize a substantially liquid content of a reservoir into OE droplets, by moving the OE droplets into one of the unit cells, by actuation of at least the one of the unit cell's electrode;
a peripheral wall of the digital microfluidic space comprising a spatial region (SR), where the SR lies entirely within the volume of a first of the unit cells; and
a boundary extending continuously around the SR, the boundary having a surface treatment providing a smaller contact angle than any other surface of the peripheral wall within the first unit cell away from the boundary, or any other unit cell,
whereby once the SR is exposed to a sufficient volume of fluid to cover the boundary and the SR, and an OE droplet is merged with the fluid, part of a merged payload of the OE droplet and the fluid are anchored to the boundary, protecting the SR from oil.
16 . The OE-DμF network of claim 15 wherein the surface treatment provides a smaller contact angle for the droplet of fluid at the boundary when the first unit cell's electrode is not activated, than that of the first unit cell outside of the boundary when the first unit cell's electrode is activated with a voltage sufficient to enable displacement of the droplet of fluid.
17 . The OE-DμF network of claim 15 wherein the surface treatment provides a contact angle for the droplet of fluid at the boundary that is at least 10° lower than that of the first unit cell outside of the boundary when the first unit cell's electrode is activated with a voltage sufficient to enable displacement of the droplet of fluid.
18 . The OE-DμF network of claim 15 where the peripheral wall comprises two meeting walls defining limits of the first unit cell in two directions, and the boundary extends continuously across segments of the two meeting walls; or the boundary area extends continuously over the peripheral wall bounding one side of the first unit cell.
19 . The OE-DμF network of claim 15 , where the SR is:
a sensor;
a reactive surface consisting of one of: a chemically reactive surface; a photochemically reactive surface; an electrochemically reactive surface; and a thermochemically reactive surface;
a microelectromechanical system (MEMS);
an acoustic, ultrasonic, infrasonic, optical, electromagnetic, electric or magnetic energy transfer surface; or
an opening to a microfluidic channel.
20 . An oil-encapsulated (OE) digital microfluidic (DμF) network comprising:
a digital microfluidic space including at least 3 edge-connected unit cells, each unit cell having; a volume for containing a droplet of fluid of volume less than 0.1 mL; and an electrode for field-effect displacement of an OE droplet from a neighbouring unit cell;
a supply for the network adapted to discretize a substantially liquid content of a reservoir into oil-encapsulated (OE) droplets, by moving the OE droplets into one of the unit cells, by actuation of at least the one of the unit cell's electrode;
a peripheral wall of the digital microfluidic space comprising an opening to a microfluidic channel, where the opening lies entirely within the volume of a first of the unit cells; and
an oil wicking material placed on the peripheral wall at a distance of 0.5 to 2.5 times a mean dimension of the first unit cell from a centre of the cell,
whereby excess oil shells from a sequence of OE droplets delivered to the first unit cell is captured by the oil wicking material.