Cesium-deficient cesium phosphates for proton conducting electrolytes
Proton conducting materials and membranes and electrochemical devices incorporating the materials and membranes are provided. Also provided are methods of making the materials and membranes and methods of operating the electrochemical devices. The proton conducting materials are solid acids that form superprotonic phases at elevated temperatures. The superprotonic phases have a cubic structure and the general formula: M (1−x) H y ]H 2 PO 4 , where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x≤2/9, and y is a number that provides charge balancing.
1. A proton conducting material comprising a superprotonic phase of a solid acid, the superprotonic phase having a cubic structure and the general formula: [M (1−x) H y ]H 2 PO 4 , where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x≤0.2 2 , and y is a number that provides charge balancing.
2. The material of claim 1 , wherein the superprotonic phase has the general formula: [M (1−x) H x ]H 2 PO 4 and M represents one or more monovalent metal cations.
3. The material of claim 2 , wherein M consists of Cs.
4. The material of claim 1 , wherein the superprotonic phase comprises rotationally disordered tetrahydroxyphosphonium cations.
5. The material of claim 4 , wherein the superprotonic phase of the solid acid has the formula: Cs 7 (H 4 PO 4 )(H 2 PO 4 ) 8 .
6. The material of claim 1 , wherein the superprotonic phase has vacancies at cation sites within the cubic structure.
7. The material of claim 1 , wherein M comprises Cs.
8. The material of claim 7 , wherein M further comprises at least one additional monovalent cation.
9. The material of claim 8 , wherein at least one additional monovalent cation is an alkali metal cation.
10. The material of claim 7 , wherein M further comprises at least one additional divalent cation.
11. The material of claim 10 , wherein the at least one additional divalent cation is barium.
12. The material of claim 1 , wherein the superprotonic phase forms at a temperature in the range from 90° C. to 250° C.
13. The material of claim 1 , wherein 0.05<x≤0.2 2 .
14. A device comprising an anode, a cathode, and a proton conducting membrane in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode, the proton conducting membrane comprising a superprotonic phase of a solid acid, the superprotonic phase having a cubic structure and the general formula: [M (1−x) H y ]H 2 PO 4 , where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x≤0.2 2 , and y is a number that provides charge balancing.
15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the superprotonic phase has the general formula: [M (1−x) H x ]H 2 PO 4 and M represents one or more monovalent metal cations.
16. The device of claim 14 , wherein the device is a fuel cell, the anode comprises a catalyst for the splitting of hydrogen molecules into protons and electrons, and the cathode comprises a catalyst for oxygen reduction.
17. A method of operating a fuel cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a proton conducting membrane located between the anode and the cathode, the proton conducting membrane comprising a superprotonic phase of a solid acid at a temperature at which the fuel cell is operated, the superprotonic phase having a cubic structure and the general formula: [M (1−x) H y ]H 2 PO 4 , where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x≤0.2 2 , and y is a number that provides charge balancing, the method comprising:
feeding a fuel into the anode where it is oxidized to form electrons that pass externally to the cathode and protons that pass through the proton conducting membrane to the cathode; and
feeding an oxidizing agent into the cathode where it reacts with the protons from the anode to produce water.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the fuel comprises H 2 and the oxidizing agent comprises O 2 .
19. A method of making a solid acid that forms a superprotonic phase, the superprotonic phase having a cubic structure and the general formula: [M (1−x) H y ]H 2 PO 4 , where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x≤0.2 2 , and y is a number that provides charge balancing, the method comprising: reacting a stoichiometric mixture MH 2 PO 4 and MH 5 (PO 4 ) 2 .
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein reacting a stoichiometric mixture MH 2 PO 4 and MH 5 (PO 4 ) 2 comprises:
maintaining the stoichiometric mixture MH 2 PO 4 and MH 5 (PO 4 ) 2 in a humidified atmosphere at an elevated temperature until the MH 2 PO 4 and MH 5 (PO 4 ) 2 deliquesce to form an aqueous solution; and
heating the aqueous solution in the humidified environment to a temperature at which the MH 2 PO 4 and MH 5 (PO 4 ) 2 react and water evaporates to crystallize the [M (1−x) H y ]H 2 PO 4 .