Integrated microheater array for efficient and localized heating of magnetic nanoparticles at microwave frequencies
An microheater array system includes an integrated microheater array configured to generate a localized heat and having a plurality of pixels. Each pixel includes: an inductor; a stacked oscillator configured to generate a magnetic field at microwave frequencies with tunable intensity and frequency; and an electro-thermal loop. The microheater array system may further include a plurality of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).
1. A microheater array system comprising:
an integrated microheater array configured to generate a localized heat, having a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises:
an inductor;
a stacked oscillator configured to generate a magnetic field at microwave frequencies with tunable intensity and frequency; and
an electro-thermal loop,
wherein the stacked oscillator comprises a plurality of transistors connected in series, and a biasing voltage, a biasing resistor, and an external gate capacitor are applied to each transistor.
2. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the electro-thermal loop is configured to regulate a local temperature distribution.
3. The microheater array system according to claim 2 , wherein the electro-thermal loop is configured to monitor the localized heat and provide feedback to the stacked oscillator to configure an output of the stacked oscillator.
4. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the microwave frequencies generated by the magnetic field are from 0.3 to 300 GHz.
5. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein a spatial resolution defined by a size of the pixels is less than 1 mm.
6. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the localized heat increases a local temperature to at least 43° C.
7. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein both a drain-to-source voltage (V ds ) and a drain-to-gate voltage (V dg ) for different transistors are close to one another and within a breakdown limit.
8. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the stacked oscillator comprises a tail transistor connected to a source terminal of a bottom of the transistors wherein a gate of the tail transistor is used to control a dc power consumption and output power of the stacked oscillator.
9. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the stacked oscillator includes a capacitor bank.
10. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the stacked oscillator in each pixel occupies one inductor without additional RF amplifiers.
11. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein the stacked oscillator has a voltage swing of at least 18 V pp .
12. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , wherein a simulated dc-to-RF efficiency of the stacked oscillator is at least 45%.
13. The microheater array system according to claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of magnetic particles having a having ferromagnetic resonance at resonant microwave frequencies,
wherein the microwave frequencies comprise the resonant frequencies; and
wherein the electro-thermal loop is configured to monitor the localized heat, wherein the localized heat is generated by the magnetic nanoparticles in response to the magnetic field.
14. The microheater array system according to claim 13 , wherein the magnetic particles are magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).
15. The microheater array system according to claim 14 , wherein the MNPs comprise nanostructured or amorphous Fe 3 O 4 .
16. The microheater array system according to claim 13 , wherein the magnetic particles are contained in a layer.
17. The microheater array system according to claim 16 , wherein the layer comprises a solution.
18. The microheater array system according to claim 16 , wherein the layer comprises a membrane.
19. A method for generating localized heat using an integrated microheater array device, comprising:
disposing magnetic nanoparticles on a microheater array, wherein the microheater array comprises a plurality of pixels, each pixel comprises an inductor, a stacked oscillator, and an electro-thermal loop;
generating, by the stacked oscillator, a magnetic field at microwave frequencies with tunable intensity and frequency;
monitoring a localized heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles in response to the magnetic field; and
providing feedback through the electro-thermal loop to configure an output power of the stacked oscillator,
wherein the stacked oscillator comprises a plurality of transistors connected in series, and a biasing voltage, a biasing resistor, and an external gate capacitor are applied to each transistor.