Methods and apparatus for producing nanometer scale particles for energy storage materials utilizing an electrosterically stabilized slurry in a media mill
Disclosed herein are methods and apparatus for producing nanometer scale particles for electrochemical materials utilizing an electrosterically stabilized slurry in a media mill. The method includes adding to a media mill a feed substrate suspension including a liquid carrier medium and electrochemical feed substrate particles. The method further includes adding to the feed substrate suspension in the media mill an electrosteric dispersant that includes a polyelectrolyte. Still further, the method includes operating the media mill for a period of time to comminute the feed substrate particles, thereby forming nanometer scale particles having a (D 90 ) particle size of less than about one micron, and recirculating for further grinding the nanometer scale particles from the media mill.
1. A method preparing nanometer scale particles for electrochemical materials, comprising:
providing a media mill;
adding to the media mill a feed substrate suspension, wherein the feed substrate suspension comprises a liquid carrier medium and electrochemical feed substrate particles, wherein the electrochemical feed substrate particles comprise an energy storage material selected from anode active materials and cathode active materials;
adding to the feed substrate suspension in the media mill an electrosteric dispersant to separate the feed substrate particles in the feed substrate suspension in order to improve spacing of the feed substrate particles, wherein the electrosteric dispersant comprises a polyelectrolyte;
operating the media mill for a period of time to comminute the electrochemical feed substrate particles, thereby forming nanometer scale particles having a (D 90 ) particle size of less than one micron; and
recirculating for further grinding the nanometer scale particles from the media mill.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid carrier medium comprises water or an organic solvent.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage material comprises: (i) an intercalation anode material; (ii) an alloy anode material; (iii) a conversion anode material; or (iv) any combination of (i)-(iii).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage material comprises: (i) a carbon-based anode material selected from graphite, graphene, activated carbon, pyrolyzed carbon, hard carbon, and combinations thereof; (ii) a lithium titanate-based anode material; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage material comprises an alloying anode material comprising a transition metal oxide, sulfide, nitride, phosphide, fluoride, or a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage material comprises: (i) a silicon-based anode material; (ii) a tin-based anode material; (iii) a germanium-based anode material; (iv) an antimony-based anode material; (v) an aluminum-based anode material; (vi) a magnesium-based anode material; or (vii) any combination of (i)-(vi).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage material comprises an inorganic cathode active material, an organic cathode active material, a polymeric cathode active material, or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage material comprises a cathode active material selected from metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal silicides, metal selenides, transition metal sulfides, and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cathode active material comprises a layered structural cathodic compound, a spinel structural cathodic compound, an olivine cathodic compound, a polyanionic cathodic compound, or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical feed substrate comprises a separator material comprising an inorganic ceramic.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte of the electrosteric dispersant comprises a polymer or copolymer having electrically-charged functional groups or inorganic affinic groups.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the feed substrate suspension comprises: (i) from 5 to 70 wt. % of the electrochemical feed substrate particles; (iii) from 2 to 20 wt. % of the electrosteric dispersant; or (iii) both (i) and (ii), based on the total weight of the feed substrate suspension.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein: (i) the period of time is from 10 to 6,000 minutes; (ii) the nanometer scale particles have a (D 90 ) particle size of less than 500 nm; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the media mill comprises a milling media, and wherein recirculating for further grinding the nanometer scale particles from the media mill further comprises separating the nanometer scale particles from the milling media.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein: (i) the milling media comprises one or more of sand, steel, silicon carbide, ceramics, zirconium silicate, zirconium and yttrium oxide, glass, alumina, titanium, crosslinked polystyrene, and methyl methacrylate; (ii) the milling media are provided in the shape of one or more of balls, beads, and cylinders; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising drying the nanometer scale particles after recirculating for further grinding the nanometer scale particles from the media mill.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein drying the nanometer scale particles is carried out via spray drying.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein further grinding the nanometer scale particles from the media mill gives a slurry, and wherein the slurry is subjected directly to the spray drying to give the nanometer scale particles as a dry powder.