Anti-jamming and reduced interference global positioning system receiver methods and devices
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio frequency signals broadcast from geo-stationary satellites 20,000 km above the earth when received by GNSS receivers are fundamentally weak. Accordingly, these GNSS receivers are vulnerable to accidental and deliberate interference from a range of synthetic sources as well as natural sources. Existing anti jamming technologies such as controlled reception pattern antennas, adaptive antennas, null-steering antennas, and beamforming antennas etc. are expensive and incompatible with many lower cost and footprint limited applications. However, in many applications the GNSS antenna is mounted upon a fixed or mobile element such that accidental and intentional jammers tend to be in the plane of the antenna or below it. Accordingly, there are presented designs and techniques to improve the anti-jamming or interference performance of GNSS receivers by further reducing the responsivity of the GNSS receiver to signals in-plane or below the plane of the antenna.
1. An antenna comprising:
an upper electrode disposed atop a dielectric body operating at a plurality of frequencies;
a ground plane disposed below the dielectric body of the antenna at a predetermined distance from the upper electrode; and
a plurality of sets of conductive elements where each set of conductive elements comprises a plurality of conductive planes where each conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements are disposed at a predetermined constant spacing relative to one another and a conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes nearest the ground plane is disposed with the predetermined constant spacing from the ground plane; wherein
an antenna gain of the antenna at a frequency of the plurality of frequencies has a radiation gain null at a predetermined elevation determined in dependence upon the predetermined constant spacing of a predetermined set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements.
2. The antenna according to claim 1 , wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements are circular; and
each other set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements is a series of annular rings of defined inner radius and defined outer radius; and
the plurality of sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the plurality of sets of conductive elements are disposed.
3. The antenna according to claim 1 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements are circular; and
each other set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements is a series of annular rings of defined inner radius and defined outer radius; and
the plurality of sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the plurality of sets of conductive elements are disposed;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements; and
the set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements having the outermost annular rings are mounted to a plurality of electrically non-conductive mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the plurality of sets of conductive elements.
4. The antenna according to claim 1 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements are circular; and
each other set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements is a series of annular rings of defined inner radius and defined outer radius; and
the plurality of sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the plurality of sets of conductive elements are disposed;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements; and
the first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements are mounted to a central electrically non-conductive mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element within the first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements.
5. The antenna according to claim 1 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements are circular; and
each other set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements is a series of annular rings of defined inner radius and defined outer radius; and
the plurality of sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the plurality of sets of conductive elements are disposed;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements;
the first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements are mounted to a central electrically non-conductive mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element within the first set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements; and
the set of conductive elements of the plurality of sets of conductive elements having the outermost annular rings are mounted to a plurality of electrically non-conductive mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the plurality of sets of conductive elements.
6. An antenna comprising:
an upper electrode disposed atop a dielectric body and a ground plane disposed at a predetermined distance from the upper electrode below the upper electrode; and
a plurality of conductive elements disposed above the upper electrode where the plurality of conductive elements are disposed at a constant spacing relative to one another and the conductive element of the plurality of conductive elements nearest the ground plane is disposed with the constant spacing from the ground plane; wherein
each conductive element of the plurality of conductive elements is substantially parallel to the upper electrode;
a gain of the antenna at a zenith is increased relative to the antenna gain at the zenith for the antenna alone;
the gain of the antenna has a null at a predetermined elevation established in dependence upon the constant spacing of each conductive element relative to its neighbours within the plurality of conductive elements.
7. The antenna according to claim 6 , wherein
the plurality of conductive elements are mounted to a central mounting which is substantially perpendicular to the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element.
8. The antenna according to claim 6 , wherein
each conductive element of the plurality of conductive elements has a predetermined geometry that exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation.
9. The antenna according to claim 8 , wherein
the central mounting is at least one of electrically conductive and electrically non-conductive.
10. The antenna according to claim 6 , wherein
the plurality of conductive elements are mounted to a plurality of mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the conductive elements.
11. The antenna according to claim 10 , wherein
the plurality of mounting elements are electrically non-conductive.
12. An antenna comprising:
an upper electrode disposed atop a dielectric body operating at a plurality of frequencies;
a ground plane disposed below the dielectric body at a predetermined distance from the upper electrode; and
one or more sets of conductive elements where each set of conductive elements comprises a plurality of conductive planes where each conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements are disposed at a predetermined constant spacing relative to one another and a conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes nearest the ground plane is disposed with the predetermined constant spacing from the ground plane; wherein
an antenna gain of the antenna at a subset of the plurality of frequencies has a radiation gain null at a predetermined elevation determined in dependence upon the predetermined constant spacing of a predetermined set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements.
13. The antenna according to claim 12 , wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry; and
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry; and
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed; and
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation.
14. The antenna according to claim 12 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry;
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements; and
the set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements having the outermost annular rings are mounted to a plurality of electrically non-conductive mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the one or more sets of conductive elements.
15. The antenna according to claim 12 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry;
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements; and
the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are mounted to a central electrically non-conductive mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element within the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements.
16. The antenna according to claim 12 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry;
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements;
the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are mounted to a central electrically non-conductive mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element within the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements; and
the set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements having the outermost annular rings are mounted to a plurality of electrically non-conductive mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the one or more sets of conductive elements.
17. The antenna according to claim 12 , wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry; and
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry; and
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation.
18. The antenna according to claim 12 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry;
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry;
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements; and
the set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements having the outermost annular rings are mounted to a plurality of electrically non-conductive mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the one or more sets of conductive elements.
19. The antenna according to claim 12 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry;
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry;
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements; and
the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are mounted to a central electrically non-conductive mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element within the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements.
20. The antenna according to claim 12 , further comprising
a plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors; wherein
a first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are of a predetermined geometry;
any other set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements is a series of annular implementations of the predetermined geometry;
the one or more sets of conductive elements do not overlap radially from a longitudinal axis along which the one or more sets of conductive elements are disposed;
the predetermined geometry exhibits symmetry for a 90° rotation;
each set of electrically non-conductive connectors of the plurality of sets of electrically non-conductive connectors couples an inner conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in a set of conductive elements to an outer conductive plane of the plurality of conductive planes in another set of conductive elements;
the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements are mounted to a central electrically non-conductive mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element within the first set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements; and
the set of conductive elements of the one or more sets of conductive elements having the outermost annular rings are mounted to a plurality of electrically non-conductive mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the one or more sets of conductive elements.