Methods for shut-in pressure escalation analysis
Methods for using shut-in pressures to determine uncertainties in a hydraulic fracturing process in a shale reservoir are described. Data commonly collected during multistage fracturing is used to calculate propped fracture height and induced stresses, as well as other variables, in the presence of horizontal stress anisotropy. These variables can then be incorporated into reservoir simulations to perform fracturing monitoring, forecast hydrocarbon recoveries, or modify fracturing plans.
1. A method for fracturing a reservoir, comprising:
a. obtaining an instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) in a well in a reservoir after each of n stages of a diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT), said DFIT comprising injecting a volume of fluid at a low rate through perforations in a cemented casing to create a small-scale hydraulic fracture, thereby obtaining ISIP data for each of said n stages of said DFIT;
b. inputting said ISIP data into a spreadsheet software stored in a non-transitory memory of a computer;
c. comparing said ISIP data for each of said n stages with a two-parameter exponential recovery equation against type-curves to estimate hydraulic-fracture height and to estimate horizontal-stress anisotropy, wherein said type-curves include load normalized stress plateau type curves, escalation type curves, and interference ratio type curves;
d. inputting said estimated horizontal-stress anisotropy and said estimated hydraulic-fracture height into a reservoir model software;
e. optimizing a reservoir fracturing plan using said reservoir model software to obtain an optimized reservoir fracturing plan;
f. implementing said optimized reservoir fracturing plan to fracture said well or an other well in said reservoir; and,
g. producing oil from said well or said other well.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein ISIP is a pressure value past an early rapid falloff as determined by extrapolating a slope at an end of a pressure pulse caused by shut-in.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein in step c) fracture height, fracture length, and fracture area are also estimated.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said ISIP is measured at the surface, downhole, or both.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein if a stress load is less than half a net-pressure at shut-in, fracture reorientation is limited, and said method may proceed, but if not, said method is discontinued.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein said optimized fracturing plan uses one or more modified parameter(s) selected from the group consisting of: cluster number per stage, cluster spacing, stage spacing, fracturing pressure, fracturing fluid type, fracturing fluid volume, fracturing fluid viscosity, proppant type, proppant mass, proppant concentration, pumping rate, pumping schedule or combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein said ISIP is measured at the surface, downhole, or both.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein if a stress load is less than half a net-pressure at shut-in, fracture reorientation is limited, and said method may proceed, but if not, said method is discontinued.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein said optimized fracturing plan uses one or more modified parameter(s) selected from the group consisting of: cluster number per stage, cluster spacing, stage spacing, fracturing pressure, fracturing fluid type, fracturing fluid volume, fracturing fluid viscosity, proppant type, proppant mass, proppant concentration, pumping rate, pumping schedule or combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step c) fracture length, and fracture area are also estimated.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said ISIP is measured at the surface, downhole, or both.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein if a stress load is less than half a net-pressure at shut-in, fracture reorientation is limited, and said method may proceed, but if not, said method is discontinued.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said optimized fracturing plan uses one or more modified parameter(s) selected from the group consisting of: cluster number per stage, cluster spacing, stage spacing, fracturing pressure, fracturing fluid type, fracturing fluid volume, fracturing fluid viscosity, proppant type, proppant mass, proppant concentration, pumping rate, pumping schedule or combinations thereof.
14. A method for fracturing a reservoir, comprising:
a. obtaining an instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) in a well in a reservoir after each of n stages of a diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT), wherein said ISIP is a pressure value past an early rapid falloff as determined by extrapolating a slope at an end of a pressure pulse caused by shut-in, and wherein said DFIT comprises injecting a volume of fluid at a low rate through perforations in a cemented casing to create a small-scale hydraulic fracture, thereby obtaining ISIP data for each of said n stages of said DFIT;
b. inputting said ISIP data into a spreadsheet software stored in a non-transitory memory of a computer;
c. comparing said ISIP data for each of said n stages with a two-parameter exponential recovery equation against type-curves to estimate fracture height, fracture length, fracture area, and to estimate horizontal-stress anisotropy;
d. inputting said estimated fracture height, fracture length, fracture area, and said estimated horizontal-stress anisotropy into a reservoir model software;
e. optimizing a reservoir fracturing plan using said reservoir model software to obtain an optimized reservoir fracturing plan;
f. implementing said optimized reservoir fracturing plan to fracture said well or an other well in said reservoir; and,
g. producing oil from said well or said other well.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein said type-curves include load normalized stress plateau type curves, escalation type curves, and interference ratio type curves.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein said ISIP is measured at the surface, downhole, or both.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein if a stress load is less than half a net-pressure at shut-in, fracture reorientation is limited, and said method may proceed, but if not, said method is discontinued.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein said optimized fracturing plan uses one or more modified parameter(s) selected from the group consisting of: cluster number per stage, cluster spacing, stage spacing, fracturing pressure, fracturing fluid type, fracturing fluid volume, fracturing fluid viscosity, proppant type, proppant mass, proppant concentration, pumping rate, pumping schedule or combinations thereof.