Calcium sulfate urea granules and methods for producing and using the same

1. A calcium sulfate urea (UCS) fertilizer granule comprising urea, calcium sulfate, and a calcium sulfate urea adduct, wherein a portion of the surface of the calcium sulfate urea adduct includes a layer comprising urea, calcium sulfate, or calcium sulfate urea adduct, or any combination or all thereof, wherein at least 50 wt. % of the urea in the granule is comprised in the calcium sulfate urea adduct, and wherein the granule comprises 32.5 wt. % to 33.5 wt. % elemental nitrogen, 4.5 wt. % to 5.5 wt. % elemental calcium, and 4.5 wt. % to 5.5 wt. % elemental sulfur, and wherein the granule comprises calcium sulfate urea adduct particles, urea particles, and calcium sulfate particles.

2. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , wherein at least 55 wt. % of the urea in the granule is comprised in the calcium sulfate urea adduct.

3. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , comprising a first plurality of particles of 1 to 5 μm and a second plurality of particles of 15 to 900 μm.

4. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 3 , wherein a portion of the surface of the calcium sulfate urea adduct includes a layer of the first plurality of particles comprising urea, calcium sulfate, or calcium sulfate urea adduct, or any combination or all thereof.

5. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , further comprising less than 1 wt. % free moisture.

6. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , further comprising 0.25 wt. % to 0.7 wt. % free moisture.

7. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , wherein the adduct is CaSO 4 ·4CO(NH) 2 .

8. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , having a crush strength of 2 kg/granule to 5 kg/granule.

9. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , further comprising less than 0.8 wt. % free moisture.

10. The UCS fertilizer granule of claim 1 , further comprising less than 0.5 wt. % free moisture.

11. A process to prepare a calcium sulfate urea fertilizer granule, the process comprising:

combining urea, hydrated or anhydrous calcium sulfate or a combination of hydrated and anhydrous calcium sulfate, and water or steam or a combination of water and steam, under conditions comprising a temperature of 85° C. to 120° C. and sufficient to form an aqueous solution comprising water, urea, and calcium sulfate, wherein the urea is solubilized in the aqueous solution;

mixing the aqueous solution under conditions sufficient to produce a wet fertilizer granule comprising a calcium sulfate urea adduct and water; and

removing at least a portion of the water from the wet fertilizer granule to form the calcium sulfate urea granule,

wherein the calcium sulfate urea fertilizer granule formed comprises urea, calcium sulfate, and the calcium sulfate urea adduct, and

wherein a portion of the surface of the calcium sulfate urea adduct includes a layer comprising urea, calcium sulfate, or the calcium sulfate urea adduct, or any combination or all thereof.

12. The process of claim 11 , wherein step (c) forms a calcium sulfate urea granule comprising less than 1 wt. % free moisture.

13. The process of claim 11 , wherein the wet fertilizer granule in step (b) includes a sufficient amount of water such that the wet fertilizer granule is formable.

14. The process of claim 11 , wherein step (c) comprises a temperature of 80° C. up to 100° C.

15. The process of claim 11 , wherein at least 30 wt. % of the urea from step (a) is converted to the calcium sulfate urea adduct.

16. The process of claim 11 , wherein step (c) comprises a temperature of 85° C. to 90° C.

17. The process of claim 11 , wherein step (c) forms a calcium sulfate urea granule comprising 0.25 wt. % to 0.7 wt. % free moisture.

18. A method of fertilizing, the method comprising applying a plurality of calcium sulfate urea granules of claim 1 to a portion of soil, a crop, or the soil and the crop.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the soil is submerged under water and the granules sink in the water to contact the soil.