Removal of atmospheric pollutants from gas, related apparatuses, processes and uses thereof
One aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising a single-stage conversion of an atmospheric pollutant, such as NO, NO 2 and/or SO x in a first stream to one or more mineral acids and/or salts thereof by reacting with nonionic gas phase chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 0 ), wherein the reaction is carried out in the gas phase. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising first adjusting the atmospheric pollutant concentrations in a first stream to a molar ratio of about 1:1, and then reacting with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution (MOH). Another aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus that can be used to carry out the methods disclosed herein. The methods disclosed herein are unexpectedly efficient and cost effective, and can be applied to a stream comprising high concentration and large volume of atmospheric pollutants.
1. A system for treating a gas stream comprising:
a gas phase reactor having an internal chamber;
a gas stream inlet into the internal chamber for introducing a gaseous atmospheric pollutant for treatment;
an oxidant inlet for introducing chlorine dioxide into the internal chamber; and
a mechanical device disposed in the internal chamber in a flow path of one or both of the gas stream and chlorine dioxide, wherein the mechanical device is configured to promote mixing of the gas stream and chlorine dioxide in a turbulent condition;
wherein a gas-phase reaction occurs during such mixing that converts the gaseous atmospheric pollutant to one or more other molecules.
2. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the gaseous atmospheric pollutant is selected from the group consisting of NO, NOx, SOx, and combinations thereof.
3. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the mechanical device is mounted within the internal chamber downstream from the gas stream inlet.
4. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising a chlorine dioxide generator that is separate from the reactor, and a controller for regulating the amount of chlorine dioxide transferred to the reactor based on the amount of gaseous atmospheric pollutant in the reactor.
5. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chlorine dioxide is dispersed in the internal chamber in gas or mist form.
6. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the chlorine dioxide is nonionic gas phase chlorine dioxide having the formula ClO 2 0 .
7. The system as recited in claim 1 , comprising a nozzle disposed in the internal chamber and configured to disperse the oxidant into the gas stream moving through the internal chamber.
8. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the conversion is approximately 95 percent or greater.
9. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the gas stream and the chlorine dioxide react in the internal chamber to form a third stream comprising a reduced amount of the atmospheric pollutant, and wherein the third stream is contacted with a fourth stream comprising at least one metal hydroxide (MOH) to further reduce the amount of atmospheric pollutant in the third stream.
10. A system for treating a gas stream to reduce an amount of atmospheric pollutant disposed therein comprising:
an oxidant generator configured to produce chlorine dioxide;
a reactor that is separate from the oxidant generator and that includes a gas stream inlet and an oxidant inlet, wherein the gas stream is configured to introduce a gas stream comprising an atmospheric pollutant into the reactor, and wherein the oxidant inlet is connected with the oxidant generator and is configured to introduce the chlorine dioxide into the reactor; and
means for promoting a turbulent flow condition within the reactor disposed within the reactor downstream from the gas stream inlet and in a flow path of one or both of the gas stream and oxidant;
wherein the gas stream and chlorine dioxide combine and undergo reaction within the reactor to reduce the amount of atmospheric pollutant in the gas stream for passage out of the reactor.
11. The system as recited in claim 10 , wherein the atmospheric pollutant in the gas stream comprises NOx, and wherein the NOx undergoes a single-stage conversion during the reaction within the reactor to form one or more mineral acids or salts thereof.
12. The system as recited in claim 11 , wherein the conversion is approximately 95 percent or greater.
13. The system as recited in claim 10 , wherein the chlorine dioxide is nonionic gas phase chlorine dioxide having the formula ClO 2 0 .
14. The system as recited in claim 10 , wherein the chlorine dioxide is in the form of a gas, a mist, or a liquid.
15. The system as recited in claim 10 , comprising a nozzle that is disposed in the reactor and positioned to dispense the chlorine dioxide into a flow path of the gas stream inside of the reactor.
16. A method for reducing an amount of atmospheric pollutant in a gas stream comprising the steps of:
introducing a gas stream comprising an atmospheric pollutant into a reactor;
introducing an oxidant in the form of chlorine dioxide into the reactor; and
causing one or both of the gas stream and the oxidant to pass by a mechanical element disposed inside the reactor to cause a swirl or turbulence in the reactor to promote mixing of the gas stream and oxidant;
wherein during such mixing the gas stream and oxidant react to convert the atmospheric pollutant in the gas stream to one or more mineral acids or salts in a single stage conversion.
17. The method as recited in claim 16 , wherein during the step of introducing the oxidant, the oxidant is introduced into the reactor at a location downstream from a location where the gas stream is introduced into the reactor.
18. The method as recited in claim 16 , comprising generating the chlorine dioxide in a device that is separate from the reactor before the step of introducing the chlorine dioxide into the reactor.
19. The method as recited in claim 16 , comprising monitoring the amount of atmospheric pollutant in the reactor and adjusting the amount of chlorine dioxide that is introduced into the reactor based on the monitored amount of the atmospheric pollutant.
20. The method as recited in claim 16 , comprising controlling one or both of an amount of the chlorine dioxide introduced into the reactor and a residence time of the chlorine dioxide and gas stream in the reactor to obtain a desired conversion of the atmospheric pollutant.