Chemical sensors with non-covalent, electrostatic surface modification of graphene
Embodiments include chemical sensors, devices and systems including the same, and related methods. In an embodiment, a medical device is provided. The medical device can include a graphene varactor, including a graphene layer and a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through electrostatic interactions between a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms of one or more hydrocarbons of the self-assembled monolayer and a π-electron system of graphene. The self-assembled monolayer can include one or more substituted porphyrins or substituted metalloporphyrins, or derivatives thereof. Other embodiments are also included herein.
1. A medical device comprising:
a graphene layer;
a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through electrostatic interactions between a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms of one or more hydrocarbons of the self-assembled monolayer and a π-electron system of graphene; and
wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises one or more substituted porphyrins or substituted metalloporphyrins of the formula:
wherein each X is independently a heteroatom comprising N, O, P, S, Se, or Si, or absent, such that R is covalently attached to the phenyl group;
wherein each R functional group independently comprises: —H; any linear or branched C 1 -C 50 alkyl, C 1 -C 50 alkenyl, C 1 -C 50 alkynyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkenyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkynyl, or any combination thereof; —RZR, —ZRZR, or—RZRZR, wherein R comprises any identical or different, linear or branched, C 1 -C 50 alkyl, C 1 -C 50 alkenyl, C 1 -C 50 alkynyl, or any combination thereof, and Z can be one or more heteroatom selected from N, O, P, S, Se, or Si; an aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; a biphenyl or substituted biphenyl; an aryloxy, arylthio, arylamine, or any substitutions thereof; or any combination thereof; and
wherein M is a metal comprising aluminum, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, palladium, silver, platinum, indium, tin, copper, rhodium, chromium, gallium, osmium, iridium, or derivatives thereof and wherein an oxidation state of the metal comprises I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII.
2. The medical device of claim 1 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides a Langmuir theta value of at least 0.9.
3. The medical device of claim 1 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides a Langmuir theta value of at least 0.98.
4. The medical device of claim 1 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides coverage over the graphene from 50% to 150% by surface area.
5. A medical device comprising:
a graphene layer;
a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through electrostatic interactions between a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms of one or more hydrocarbons of the self-assembled monolayer and a π-electron system of graphene; and
wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises one or more substituted porphyrins or substituted porphyrins of the formula:
wherein each X is independently a heteroatom comprising N, O, P, S, Se, or Si, or absent, such that R is covalently attached to the phenyl group; and
wherein each R functional group independently comprises: —H; any linear or branched C 1 -C 50 alkyl, C 1 -C 50 alkenyl, C 1 -C 50 alkynyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkenyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkynyl, or any combination thereof; —RZR, —ZRZR, or —RZRZR , wherein R comprises any identical or different, linear or branched, C 1 -C 50 alkyl, C 1 -C 50 alkenyl, C 1 -C 50 alkynyl, or any combination thereof, and Z can be one or more heteroatom selected from N, O, P, S, Se, or Si; an aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; a biphenyl or substituted biphenyl; an aryloxy, arylthio, arylamine, or any substitutions thereof; or any combination thereof.
6. The medical device of claim 5 , the self-assembled monolayer comprising substituted porphyrins of the formula: