Garnet materials for li secondary batteries and methods of making and using garnet materials
Set forth herein are garnet material compositions, e.g., lithium-stuffed garnets and lithium-stuffed garnets doped with alumina, which are suitable for use as electrolytes and catholytes in solid state battery applications. Also set forth herein are lithium-stuffed garnet thin films having fine grains therein. Disclosed herein are novel and inventive methods of making and using lithium-stuffed garnets as catholytes, electrolytes and/or anolytes for all solid state lithium rechargeable batteries. Also disclosed herein are novel electrochemical devices which incorporate these garnet catholytes, electrolytes and/or anolytes. Also set forth herein are methods for preparing novel structures, including dense thin (<50 um) free standing membranes of an ionically conducting material for use as a catholyte, electrolyte, and, or, anolyte, in an electrochemical device, a battery component (positive or negative electrode materials), or a complete solid state electrochemical energy storage device. Also, the methods set forth herein disclose novel sintering techniques, e.g., for heating and/or field assisted (FAST) sintering, for solid state energy storage devices and the components thereof.
1. A composition comprising:
a nanostructured lithium stuffed garnet-based powder;
wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder is characterized by one of the following formula:
Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E OF, Li A La B M′ C M″ D Ta E O F , Li A La B M′ C M″ D Nb E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, O≤C≤2, O≤D≤2; O≤E<2, 10<F≤13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently in each instance selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, or Ta;
Li a La b Zr c Al d Me″ e O f , wherein 5<a<7.7; 2<b<4; 0<c≤2.5; 0≤d<2; 0≤e<2, 10<f≤13 and Me″ is a metal selected from Nb, Ta, V, W, Mo, or Sb;
Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , wherein the molar ratio of Al 2 O 3 :lithium-stuffed garnet is between 0.05 and 0.7; or
Li g La 3 Zr 2 O 12 —Al 2 O 3 , wherein 5.5<g<8.5 and the molar ratio of Al 2 O 3 :lithium-stuffed garnet is between 0.05 and 1.0,
wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder comprises crystalline domains of lithium-stuffed garnet having a median crystalline domain diameter of 0.5 nm to 10 μm.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder is characterized by Li A La B M′ C M″ D Zr E O F , Li A La B M′ C M″ D Ta E O F , Li A La B M′ C M″ D Nb E O F , wherein 4<A<8.5, 1.5<B<4, 0≤C≤2, 0≤D≤2; 0≤E<2, 10<F≤13, and M′ and M″ are each, independently in each instance selected from Al, Mo, W, Nb, Sb, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ce, Hf, Rb, or Ta.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder is characterized by Li a La b Zr c Al d Me″ e O f , wherein 5<a<7.7; 2<b<4; 0<c≤2.5; 0≤d<2; 0≤e<2, 10<f≤13 and Me″ is a metal selected from Nb, Ta, V, W, Mo, or Sb.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder is characterized by Li A La B M′ c M″ D Zr E O F , wherein the molar ratio of Al 2 O 3 :lithium-stuffed garnet is between 0.05 and 0.7.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder is characterized by Li g La 3 Zr 2 O 12 —Al 2 O 3 , wherein 5.5<g<8.5 and the molar ratio of Al 2 O 3 :lithium-stuffed garnet is between 0.05 and 1.0.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the median crystalline domain diameter is 20 nm, 23 nm, 25.5 nm, 28.5 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 65 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, or combinations thereof.
7. A lithium-stuffed garnet film comprising the composition of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has a thickness of 1 μm to 150 μm.
8. The lithium-stuffed garnet film comprising the composition of claim 7 , wherein the thickness of the lithium-stuffed garnet thin film is less than 50 μm.
9. The lithium-stuffed garnet film comprising the composition of claim 7 , wherein the thickness of the lithium-stuffed garnet thin film is less than 30 μm.
10. The lithium-stuffed garnet film comprising the composition of claim 7 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has a surface roughness of less than 5 μm.
11. A method of preparing lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder, the method comprising:
providing garnet material precursor, wherein the garnet material precursor is LiOH, La 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , Al-nitrate, or combinations thereof;
calcining the garnet material precursors to produce calcined garnet material; and
milling the calcined garnet material to reduce a mean primary particle size of the calcined garnet material precursors to produce lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising sintering the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder at a temperature of 600° C. to 1400° C.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder comprises crystalline domains of lithium-stuffed garnet powder having a median crystalline domain diameter is 0.5 nm to 10 μm.
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising milling the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder to produce a lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder having a d 50 particle size of 100 nm.
15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising milling the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder to produce a lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder having a d 50 particle size of 200 nm.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising milling the lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder to produce a lithium-stuffed garnet-based powder having a d 50 particle size of 350 nm.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the milling step is selected from ball milling, horizontal milling, attritor milling, immersion milling, or combinations thereof.