Gas phase ozone-mediated selective oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes
Improved methods of oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes and alkylbenzenes to the corresponding olefins are disclosed. The disclosed methods use ozone (O 3 ) to mediate the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction with high selectivity for the desired product, and no heterogeneous ODH catalyst is needed.
1. A method of making one or more desired chemical products comprising contacting one or more liquid or gaseous reactants with oxygen (O 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ), whereby the ozone mediates the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants to form the one or more desired chemical products,
wherein the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants comprises an alkane or a hydrocarbon comprising an alkyl group and the desired chemical products comprise one or more olefins or one or more hydrocarbons comprising an alkenyl group, and
wherein the contacting step occurs in the absence of a heterogeneous ODH catalyst or a catalytically active surface.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants are selected from a C 2 -C 5 n-alkane, a C 3 -C 5 iso-alkane, a C 2 -C 5 alkylbenzene, and any combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants comprises butane and the desired chemical product comprises 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, butadiene, or any combination thereof or wherein the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants comprises propane and the desired chemical product is propene.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step occurs within a reactor chamber wherein one or more optional diluents are introduced into the reactor chamber, and the ozone is introduced into the reactor chamber at a concentration from 0.1 to 1000 ppm, based on the total volume of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants, the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more optional diluents.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the temperature within the reactor chamber is from 400° C. to 800° C.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the oxygen is introduced into the reactor chamber at a concentration from 1% to 25% by volume, based on the total volume of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants, the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more optional diluents.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants are introduced into the reactor chamber at a concentration from 5% to 50% by volume, based on the total volume of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants, the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more optional diluents.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants are introduced into the reactor chamber together.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the reactor chamber comprises one or more inlets dispersed along the chamber to introduce the oxygen or the ozone into a reaction path for a propagating reactant stream of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants through the reactor chamber.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein the reactor chamber does not include a heterogeneous ODH catalyst or a catalytically active surface.
11. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more optional diluents are selected from nitrogen (N 2 ), water (H 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and are introduced into the reactor chamber.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein nitrogen is introduced into the reactor chamber at a concentration from 0.01% to 70% by volume, based on the total volume of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants, the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more diluents.
13. The method of claim 4 , wherein the oxygen is introduced into the reactor chamber at a concentration from 1% to 25% by volume, based on the total volume of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants, the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more optional diluents; the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants are introduced into the reactor chamber at a concentration from 5% to 50% by volume, based on the total volume of the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants, the oxygen, the ozone, and the one or more optional diluents; and the temperature within the reactor chamber is from 400° C. to 800° C.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method exhibits greater than 70% selectivity for the desired chemical products comprising one or more olefins or one or more hydrocarbons comprising an alkenyl group.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more liquid or gaseous reactants are further contacted with steam.