Controlling meniscus position for magnetohydrodynamic metal manufacturing
Devices, systems, and methods are directed to applying magnetohydrodynamic forces to liquid metal to eject liquid metal along a controlled pattern, such as a controlled three-dimensional pattern as part of additive manufacturing of an object. Electric current delivered to a meniscus of the liquid metal in a quiescent state can be directed to exert a pullback force on the liquid metal. The pullback force can be sufficient to draw the liquid metal, in the quiescent state, in a direction toward the nozzle to reduce the likelihood of unintended wetting of surfaces of the nozzle between uses of the nozzle.
1. A method comprising:
providing a liquid metal in a fluid chamber defined by a housing, the fluid chamber having an inlet region and a discharge region, wherein the liquid metal consists of one of aluminum and an aluminum alloy;
directing a magnetic field through the housing and the liquid metal in the fluid chamber;
moving the housing relative to a build plate and depositing a plurality of successive layers of droplets to form a three-dimensional object, wherein each droplet is ejected from the housing by the steps of:
delivering a first electric current into the liquid metal in the housing in a quiescent state, the first electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to exert a pullback force on the liquid metal, the pullback force sufficient to draw the liquid metal, in the quiescent state, in a direction from the discharge region toward the inlet region; and
following the step of delivering the first electric current, delivering a second electric current into the liquid metal, the second electric current intersecting the magnetic field in the liquid metal to exert a firing force on the liquid metal sufficient to eject liquid metal from the discharge region.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pullback force is sufficient to maintain a meniscus of the liquid metal, in the quiescent state, attached to the discharge region.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the discharge region has a throat adjacent to a discharge orifice, the pullback force is sufficient to maintain the meniscus within the throat or attached to the discharge orifice.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising moving the discharge region along a controlled pattern.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the controlled pattern is a controlled three-dimensional pattern.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the second electric current is selectively delivered into the liquid current along less than the entirety of the controlled pattern.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second electric current includes a pulsed electric current, the pulsed electric current ejecting liquid metal droplets from the discharge region.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein selectively delivering the second electric current into the liquid metal includes conducting a firing pulse into the liquid metal in the fluid chamber, and conducting a pullback pulse into the liquid metal in the fluid chamber, the firing pulse and the pullback pulse having opposite polarities, and the pullback pulse having the same polarity as the first electric current.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pullback pulse precedes the firing pulse for ejection of a respective droplet.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pullback pulse follows the firing pulse for ejection of a respective droplet.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second electric current is variable between a pulsed electric current and a direct electric current.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein delivering the second electric current into the liquid metal includes directing the second electric current into the liquid metal between electrodes into a firing chamber located between the electrodes within the fluid chamber between the inlet region and the discharge region.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein delivering the first electric current into the liquid metal includes directing the first electric current into the liquid metal between the electrodes.