Direct regeneration of lithium ion cathodes by ionothermal relithiation
A method for relithiating cathode material from spent lithium-based batteries, the method comprising: (i) mixing delithiated cathode material and a lithium salt with an ionic liquid in which the lithium salt is at least partially soluble to form an initial mixture; (ii) heating the initial mixture to a temperature of 100° C. to 300° C. to result in relithiation of the delithiated cathode material; and (iii) separating the ionic liquid from the relithiated cathode material; wherein, in embodiments, the cathode material is a lithium metal oxide, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Al, Zr, Ti, Nb, and combinations thereof, or wherein the cathode material has the formula LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , wherein x>0, y>0, z>0, and x+y+z=1; wherein, in some embodiments, the ionic liquid has a nitrogen-containing cationic portion, such as an imidazolium ionic liquid.
1. A method for relithiating cathode material from spent lithium-based batteries, the method comprising:
(i) mixing delithiated cathode material and a lithium salt with an ionic liquid in which the lithium salt is at least partially soluble to form an initial mixture;
(ii) heating the initial mixture to a temperature of 100° C. to 300° C. to result in relithiation of the delithiated cathode material; and
(iii) separating the ionic liquid from the relithiated cathode material wherein the ionic liquid is an imidazolium ionic liquid having the following formula:
wherein:
R 1b and R 2b are each independently a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chained, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group (R) independently containing 1-12 carbon atoms and optionally and independently containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine atoms;
R 3b is hydrogen atom (H) or a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chained, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group (R) independently containing 1-12 carbon atoms and optionally and independently containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine atoms;
wherein at least one of R 1b , R 2b and R 3b contains a hydroxy group; and
X− is an anion of the ionic liquid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delithiated cathode material is a powder.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the powder has a particle size of up to 100 microns.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lithium salt is a lithium halide.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the lithium halide is lithium bromide.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lithium salt is a lithium carboxylate.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the lithium carboxylate is lithium acetate or lithium oxalate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the initial mixture is heated to a temperature of 150° C. to 300° C.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the initial mixture is heated to a temperature of 150° C. to 250° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode material is a lithium metal oxide, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Al, Zr, Ti, Nb, and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the metal is Ni, Co, or combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cathode material has the formula LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , wherein x>0, y>0, z>0, and x+y+z=1.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein x, y, and z are each in a range of 0.2-0.5.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein x is at least 0.6.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1b and R 2b are each independently a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chained, branched, or cyclic alkyl group containing 1-12 carbon atoms and optionally and independently containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine atoms, wherein at least one of R 1b and R 2b contains a hydroxy group; and R 3b is hydrogen atom (H) or a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chained, branched, or cyclic alkyl group containing 1-12 carbon atoms and optionally and independently containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine atoms.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein R 1b and R 2b are each independently a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chained, branched, or cyclic alkyl group containing 1-6 carbon atoms and optionally and independently containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine atoms, wherein at least one of R 1b and R 2b contains a hydroxy group; and R 3b is hydrogen atom (H) or a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chained, branched, or cyclic alkyl group containing 1-6 carbon atoms and optionally and independently containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine atoms.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid is separated from the relithiated cathode material in step (iii) by centrifugation.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein, after separating the ionic liquid from the relithiated cathode material in step (iii), the ionic liquid is re-used in the method.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the relithiated cathode material is incorporated into a cathode of a lithium-based battery.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the relithiated cathode material is calcined at a temperature of 400-900° C.