Methods and compositions for prime editing nucleotide sequences
Compositions and methods are provided herein for conducting prime editing of a target DNA molecule (e.g., a genome) that enables the incorporation of a nucleotide change and/or targeted mutagenesis. The compositions include fusion proteins comprising nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins (napDNAbp) and a polymerase (e.g., reverse transcriptase), which is guided to a specific DNA sequence by a modified guide RNA, named a PEgRNA. The PEgRNA has been altered (relative to a standard guide RNA) to comprise an extended portion that provides a DNA synthesis template sequence which encodes a single strand DNA flap which is synthesized by the polymerase of the fusion protein and which becomes incorporated into the target DNA molecule.
1. A prime editing system comprising:
(i) a prime editing guide RNA (PEgRNA) or one or more polynucleotides encoding the PEgRNA, wherein the PEgRNA comprises:
(a) a spacer sequence that comprises a region of complementarity to a first strand of a double-stranded target DNA sequence,
(b) an extension arm that comprises a DNA synthesis template and a primer binding site in a 5′ to 3′ orientation, and
(c) a guide RNA (gRNA) core that interacts with a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp);
and
(ii) a prime editor comprising the napDNAbp and a reverse transcriptase or one or more polynucleotides encoding the prime editor,
wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase, a Cas12a nickase, or a Cas12b1 nickase, and wherein the napDNAbp is capable of nicking a second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence at a nick site;
wherein the DNA synthesis template encodes one or more nucleotide changes compared to a region downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence; and
wherein the primer binding site comprises a region of complementarity to a region upstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the spacer sequence, the extension arm, and the gRNA core of the PEgRNA are in a single molecule.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the PEgRNA comprises in a 5′ to 3′ orientation: the spacer sequence, the gRNA core, the DNA synthesis template, and the primer binding site.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises a region of complementarity to a region downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more nucleotide changes comprise a nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, or a combination thereof, relative to the region downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more nucleotide changes comprise two or more nucleotide insertions, nucleotide substitutions, nucleotide deletions, or a combination of two or more of a nucleotide insertion, a nucleotide substitution, or a nucleotide deletion, relative to the region downstream of the nick site in the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA sequence.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the DNA synthesis template is from 3 to 500 nucleotides in length.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the primer binding site is from 3 to 20 nucleotides in length.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the primer binding site is from 7 to 17 nucleotides in length.
10. The system of claim 1 further comprising a nicking single guide RNA (sgRNA), wherein the nicking sgRNA comprises a spacer sequence comprising a region of complementarity to the second strand of the double-stranded target DNA.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the spacer sequence of the nicking sgRNA comprises a sequence identical to a portion of the DNA synthesis template encoding at least one of the nucleotide changes.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the Cas9 nickase comprises an amino acid substitution in the HNH domain.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the amino acid substitution in the HNH domain corresponds to an H840A substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 18.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reverse transcriptase is a reverse transcriptase from a retrovirus or a retrotransposon.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reverse transcriptase is a Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV RT) or a variant of M-MLV RT.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the variant of M-MLV RT comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of P51X, S67X, E69X, L139X, T197X, D200X, H204X, F209X, E302X, T306X, F309X, W313X, T330X, L345X, L435X, N454X, D524X, E562X, D583X, H594X, L603X, E607X, and D653X substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 89, and wherein X is a substitution of any amino acid.
18. The system of claim 16 , wherein the variant of M-MLV RT comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of P51L, S67K, E69K, L139P, T197A, D200N, H204R, F209N, E302K, E302R, T306K, F309N, W313F, T330P, L345G, L435G, N454K, D524G, E562Q, D583N, H594Q, L603W, E607K, and D653N substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 89.
19. The system of claim 16 , wherein the variant of M-MLV RT comprises amino acid substitutions that correspond to D200N, T330P, and L603W substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 89, or amino acid substitutions that correspond to D200N, T306K, W313F, T330P, and L603W substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 89.
20. The system of claim 16 , wherein the reverse transcriptase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 122.
21. The system of claim 16 , wherein the reverse transcriptase lacks RNaseH activity.
22. The system of claim 1 , wherein the napDNAbp and the reverse transcriptase are connected to form a fusion protein.
23. The system of claim 22 , wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 134.
24. The system of claim 22 , wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase, the reverse transcriptase is a M-MLV RT or a variant of M-MLV RT, and the PEgRNA is a single molecule comprising in a 5′ to 3′ orientation: the spacer sequence, the gRNA core, the DNA synthesis template, and the primer binding site.
25. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more polynucleotides encoding the prime editor are RNA.
26. The system of claim 1 comprising (i) the PEgRNA or the one or more polynucleotides encoding the PEgRNA and (ii) the one or more polynucleotides encoding the prime editor.
27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) the system of claim 1 , and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
28. The system of claim 1 , wherein the DNA synthesis template comprises one or two recombinase recognition sequences.
29. The system of claim 28 , wherein the system further comprises a site-specific recombinase that recognizes the one or two recombinase recognition sequences.
30. The system of claim 19 , wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 nickase that comprises an H840A amino acid substitution relative to SEQ ID NO: 18.